Answers
Lincoln reminded his audience that the United States was founded on the values of liberty and equality by using language from the Declaration of Independence.
What was the relationship between the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address?He recognized a connection between the Civil War sacrifices and the desire for "a fresh birth of freedom" in it, as well as the critical necessity to maintain the Union established in 1776 and its objective of self-government. He also referred to the Declaration of Independence's goals of human equality.
Both the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address serve as symbols of both the times and the authors who penned them. They serve as a metaphor for the challenges the country was facing at the time and the individuals, Jefferson and Lincoln, who accepted those challenges and came up with solutions on their own.
How does the Gettysburg Address' message vary from that of the Declaration of Independence?All men are created equal is the line that Lincoln takes from the Declaration of Independence. The statement "Let Facts be revealed to a candid world" is also included in the Declaration of Independence, but Lincoln omitted it from his Gettysburg Address.
The Gettysburg Address had a more int-imate tone because Lincoln wanted to inspire the populace. By mentioning the gallant troops who took part in the recent combat, Lincoln creates a personal tone. While the Declaration of Independence was written in a formal tone as a political document, the former.
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Related Questions
What does Washington believe is one of the main pillars of government?
Answers
Answer: Washington remained above the fray; he wanted to be a president of all American citizens. The most important reason was he believed unity, not division, was necessary for a democratic republic to survive. Washington believed that political parties would divide and destroy the young United States.
Explanation:
When the Ottoman Empire weakened, Europe reacted by
building a canal for trade with the Ottoman region.
helping Ottoman nations achieve independence.
cutting off most trade with the Ottoman region.
trying to take more control of Ottoman lands.
Answers
Answer:
trying to take more control of Ottoman lands.
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Would the United States be a better nation if the citizens, rather than their elected
representatives, had more political power? How did the Progressive movement change
the relationship between government officials and their constituents?
Answers
The elected representatives of of the citizens of the USA are the voices of the citizens itself. Naturally, increasing citizen's power would help to reduce corruptions caused by politicians to make the nation better.
On the above-mentioned note, the Progressive movement of the USA, of 20th Century helped the citizens of the USA to get fair judgment in the fields of; domestic policies development, maintaining trusts with the governance, regulation of thresholds and transports, food, and drugs.
Hence it can be concluded, as per the Progressive movement of the USA, giving proportional power to citizens would help to make the nation a better example to curb political corruption.
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The Supreme Court’s Plessy v. Ferguson decision ruled that Louisiana’s Separate Car Act
Answers
The Supreme Court's case on Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that Louisiana's state Separate Car Act B. helped maintain public peace and good order.
The court's decision allowed for equal but separate accommodations for white and colored races.
What is Plessy v. Ferguson case?Plessy v. Ferguson case started when Homer Plessy who was of mixed race, boarded a train car for whites-only in New Orleans, violating Louisiana's Separate Car Act of 1890 which stipulated equal but separate railroad accommodations for whites and colored passengers.
Plessy was charged under Louisiana's Separate Car Act but his lawyers claimed that the case should be dismissed on the grounds that the Act was unconstitutional which judge John H. Ferguson denied.
Then Plessy appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. However, the court decided that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution in so far as the accommodations for each race were equal in quality.
Thus, the court case of Plessy v. Ferguson pronounced that Louisiana's state Separate Car Act helped maintain public peace and good order.
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Question completion:
I think part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question:
The Supreme Court’s Plessy v. Ferguson decision ruled that Louisiana’s Separate Car Act
A. promoted unconstitutional segregation.
B. helped maintain public peace and good order.
C. did not constitute segregation.
D. was required under the Fourteenth Amendment
Which of the following attributes of McDonalds has contributed to its success?
The company discourages people from owning multiple franchises.
It focuses on quality, simplicity, and efficiency.
It has limited franchising opportunities to the U.S. only.
The company does not focus on building relationships with suppliers.
Answers
Answer:
It focuses on quality, simplicity, and efficiency.
Answer:
The attribute of McDonald's that has contributed to its success is:
It focuses on quality, simplicity, and efficiency.
Explanation:
The other options listed are not contributing factors to McDonald's success. In fact, McDonald's has a large number of franchisees and encourages multi-unit ownership, has expanded globally, and has established strong relationships with suppliers.
The Nuremberg laws defined who was considered ?
Answers
The Nazi government was known for using violence to enforce its racial ideologies,but it also made sure to pass laws that legalized discrimination practices.
The Nuremberg Laws were anti-Semitic and racist laws that were promulgated in Nazi Germany on September 15, 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag two measures based on race Laws issued on September 15, 1935, personally approved by Hitler,deprived Jews of German citizenship, prohibited Jewish households from having German maids. The Nazi government was known for using violence to enforce its racial ideologies,but it also made sure to pass laws that legalized discriminatory practices.In 1935,when the Nuremberg Laws were passed, the Nazi party successfully consolidated its power and appointed Adolf Hitler Führer, or leader.
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what difficulties were encountered during the process of ratification? 2 paragraphs
PLEASE AND THANK YOU
Answers
Answer:
The process of ratification of the United States Constitution faced several difficulties. The first significant obstacle was the opposition from the Anti-Federalists, who believed that the Constitution granted too much power to the central government and would threaten individual liberties. They feared that the Constitution did not contain a Bill of Rights that would protect citizens' fundamental rights. Additionally, they believed that the large and diverse country would not be able to govern itself effectively under one central government. The Anti-Federalists, led by figures such as Patrick Henry and George Mason, argued that the new Constitution should be amended to include a Bill of Rights and limit the power of the central government.
Another significant challenge was the issue of slavery. Many delegates at the Constitutional Convention recognized the immorality of slavery and wanted to abolish it. However, due to opposition from slaveholding states, the Constitution did not explicitly ban slavery. This issue led to intense debates and disagreements during the ratification process. Anti-slavery advocates, such as Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton, argued that slavery was incompatible with the principles of the new nation and should be abolished. However, the pro-slavery advocates, such as John C. Calhoun and James Madison, defended slavery as necessary for the economic success of the country and argued that it was a states' rights issue. Ultimately, the issue of slavery would lead to the Civil War and the eventual abolition of slavery in the United States.
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how did the idea of Supreme Court get around?
Answers
Answer:
The idea of a Supreme Court as the highest court in the land, with the power of judicial review, was then enshrined in the United States Constitution. Article III of the Constitution established the Supreme Court and granted it the power to hear cases arising under the Constitution, federal law, and disputes between states.
Over time, the idea of a Supreme Court has been adopted by many other countries around the world, often as part of a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one branch of government becomes too powerful. Today, most democratic countries have some form of a Supreme Court or constitutional court to interpret their laws and ensure that they are consistent with their respective constitutions.
Article III of the Constitution established a Supreme Court as the highest judicial body in the United States. The Court was given the power to interpret the Constitution and federal law, and to settle disputes between states and between the federal government and the states.
The idea of a Supreme Court was influenced by several historical and philosophical sources. The concept of a highest court with final authority in legal matters can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome. In England, the idea of a supreme court was developed through the common law tradition, and the English Parliament established the first modern Supreme Court in 1873.
Explain the differences between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans that were the focus of debate during the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
Answers
Answer:
During the Constitutional Convention of 1787, two different plans were proposed for the structure and organization of the United States government. These plans were known as the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. The differences between the two plans were primarily centered around the issue of representation in the legislative branch.
The Virginia Plan, also known as the large-state plan, was proposed by James Madison and was supported by the larger states. It called for a bicameral legislature, with representation based on population in both houses. This meant that larger states would have more representatives and more power in the government. The Virginia Plan also proposed a strong central government with the power to veto state laws, which was controversial among smaller states.
The New Jersey Plan, also known as the small-state plan, was proposed by William Paterson and was supported by the smaller states. It called for a unicameral legislature, with equal representation for all states regardless of population. This would have given smaller states more power in the government. The New Jersey Plan also proposed that the central government only have limited powers and that state laws could not be vetoed.
The debate between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan was resolved through the Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise, which created a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House of Representatives and equal representation in the Senate. This compromise balanced the power between larger and smaller states and helped to establish the structure of the United States government that still exists today.
In summary, the Virginia Plan called for representation based on population, a strong central government, and the power to veto state laws, while the New Jersey Plan called for equal representation for all states, limited central government power, and no veto power over state laws.
Explanation:
The Virginia and New Jersey Plans were two different proposals presented during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The Virginia Plan advocated for representation based on population, while the New Jersey Plan called for equal representation for all states. The debate among the delegates eventually led to the Great Compromise.
Explanation:The Virginia and New Jersey Plans were two different proposals put forward during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 to address the issue of representation in the newly formed government. The Virginia Plan, also known as the large state plan, called for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population. The New Jersey Plan, also known as the small state plan, proposed a unicameral legislature with equal representation for all states.
The main differences between the two plans were in regards to the method of representation and the power given to the states. The Virginia Plan favored larger states and their representation was based on population, which gave them an advantage. The New Jersey Plan, on the other hand, favored smaller states as it provided equal representation to all states regardless of their population.
These differences led to a debate among the delegates, which ultimately resulted in the Great Compromise. This compromise merged elements of both plans, creating a bicameral legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate giving each state equal representation.
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Imagine that the following situations have occurred in your community following the disaster. Select two of the following situations to address and evaluate in your email:
teen writing email
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The government suspended the right of habeas corpus (the right to see a judge after arrest to determine if imprisonment is lawful).
The government forced people to evacuate from their homes.
The press accessed the disaster area and published a story in a national newspaper about the event.
The government allowed federal and state troops to be quartered in private residences to assist residents and protect order.
Citizens were denied the right to bring legally owned firearms to storm shelters.
The government made certain dangerous areas off-limits, which prevented residents from accessing their homes and personal property.
Prisoners were kept in prisons that lacked power, supplies, and plumbing during the emergency.
The federal and state courts postponed scheduled criminal and civil trials due to the emergency.
The government prevented the press from publishing graphic photos of victims of the natural disaster to protect the privacy of the victim’s family.
The federal government stated that local and state governments are solely responsible for the disaster recovery efforts and that it will not be providing assistance.
Once you have chosen the concerns you wish to address, compose a well-written response to each situation with the following information:
the Constitutional amendment that relates to the situation
arguments that could be made for or against the action that took place
your position on the situation and the reasons you think officials should agree with you
Save your email and check it for spelling and grammar.
Answers
Answer:
Dear [Name],
I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to reach out to you regarding some of the recent developments in our community following the natural disaster that occurred. Specifically, I am concerned about two situations that have arisen and would like to discuss them with you.
The first situation I would like to address is the government's suspension of the right of habeas corpus. As you may know, this right guarantees that individuals have the ability to see a judge after an arrest to determine if their imprisonment is lawful. This is protected by the Fifth Amendment. While I understand that the government may have felt this was necessary to maintain order in the immediate aftermath of the disaster, I believe that this is a dangerous precedent to set. Suspending the right of habeas corpus is a direct violation of our Constitutional protections and undermines the very foundations of our democracy. It is crucial that we uphold these protections even in times of crisis.
The second situation that concerns me is the government's decision to force people to evacuate from their homes. This action could be seen as a violation of the Third Amendment, which prohibits the government from quartering troops in private residences without the owner's consent. While I understand that the government may have felt that this was necessary to ensure the safety of the residents and protect order, I believe that there were other options available. Instead of forcing residents to leave their homes, the government could have worked with local law enforcement to ensure that order was maintained in the area. In addition, the government could have provided alternative shelters for those who were unable to remain in their homes.
Overall, I believe that it is crucial that we protect our Constitutional rights and uphold our democratic values, even in times of crisis. While it may be tempting to make exceptions in the face of danger, we must remember that our rights and values are what make our country great. Thank you for taking the time to read my concerns, and I hope that we can work together to ensure that our community remains a safe and free place to live.
Sincerely,
[Your Name]
[For the second situation, replace the first paragraph with the following:]
The second situation that concerns me is the government's decision to prevent citizens from bringing legally owned firearms to storm shelters. This action could be seen as a violation of the Second Amendment, which protects the right to bear arms. While I understand that the government may have felt that this was necessary to ensure the safety of those in the shelters, I believe that it is crucial that we protect our Second Amendment rights. By preventing citizens from bringing legally owned firearms to the shelters, the government is denying them the ability to protect themselves and their families in a dangerous situation. Instead, the government could have implemented safety measures to ensure that firearms were not used improperly in the shelters.
Explanation:
When the Ottoman Empire weakened, Europe reacted by
building a canal for trade with the Ottoman region.
helping Ottoman nations achieve independence.
cutting off most trade with the Ottoman region.
trying to take more control of Ottoman lands.
Answers
When the Ottoman Empire weakened, Europe reacted by trying to take more control of Ottoman lands. Last option is correct
What did the Europeans do to the empire?European powers saw the weakening Ottoman Empire as an opportunity to expand their own influence in the region. This led to a period of imperialism and colonization, with European powers carving up the Ottoman Empire into spheres of influence and colonies.
The construction of a canal for trade with the Ottoman region (referring to the Suez Canal) occurred after this period of European colonization, as a means to facilitate trade and transportation between Europe and Asia. The idea of helping Ottoman nations achieve independence did not become a significant factor until later, as nationalist movements began to take root within the Ottoman Empire itself.
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Answer:
trying to take more control of Ottoman lands.
Explanation:
i took the test
Which statement describes the importance of Daniel Ellsberg to the Vietnam era
Answers
For the American people to be aware of all that the company did in during Vietnam War, Daniel Ellsberg was crucial. A covert report on American involvement in Vietnam was written by Ellsberg and given to the New York Times. Ellsberg left for home confident that the Wars had been a mistake.
What is Daniel Ellsberg's significance?Robert McNamara's confidential assessment on the Vietnam War, that had become notorious as the Pentagon Papers, included Daniel Ellsberg as an analyst.
What is Daniel Ellsberg's significance?Robert McNamara's confidential assessment on the Vietnam War, that had become notorious as the Pentagon Papers, included Daniel Ellsberg as an analyst.
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What happened in 2014 that made the ongoing civil war in Syria even more complicated?
A.
The Arab Spring led to demonstrations in Syria.
B.
The Assad government used chemical weapons.
C.
ISIS launched an attack on Syria.
D.
The United States attacked a Syrian air base.
ANSWER NEEDED ASAP!!!
Answers
The war has grown ever more complicated as well as more deadly over time, and Syria's future is at hand.
Prior to the rise of ISIS in 2014, the United States generally sought and created a common enemy for both the pro- as well as anti-Assad camps.
when a worker is discharged for appearing as a witness in an employment discrimination or harassment suit this is constructive discharge. true or false?
Answers
What americas diplomatic approach to the squabble over China ?
Answers
Answer: Our competitive approach to the PRC has two objectives: first, to improve the resiliency of our institutions, alliances, and partnerships to prevail against the challenges the PRC presents; and second, to compel Beijing to cease or reduce actions harmful to the United States' vital, national interests and those of our ...
What was one power given to the central government under the Articles of Confederation?
Answers
Answer:
Delegates gave the Continental Congress the power to request money from the states and make appropriations, regulating the armed forces, appointing civil servants, and declaring war.
Explanation:
Role of women in Defiance campaign 1952
Answers
Answer: The apartheid regime's influx control measures and pass laws were what women feared the most and reacted to most vehemently. Their fears were not unfounded. In 1952 the Native Laws Amendment Act tightened influx control, making it an offense for any African (including women) to be in any urban area for more than 72 hours unless in possession of the necessary documentation. The only women who could live legally in the townships were the wives and unmarried daughters of the African men who were eligible for permanent residence.
In the same year, the Natives Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents Act was passed. In terms of this act the many different documents African men had been required to carry were replaced by a single one - the reference book - which gave details of the holder's identity, employment, place of legal residence, payment of taxes, and, if applicable, permission to be in the urban areas. The act further stipulated that African women, at an unspecified date shortly, would for the first time be required to carry reference books. Women were enraged by this direct threat to their freedom of movement and their anti-pass campaign, as Walker puts it ‘was one of the most vociferous and effective protest campaigns of any at the time
Which statement best describes the effect of President Warren Harding's
economic policies?
A. Harding's economic policies enabled the United States to get out
of debt after World War I.
B. Harding's economic policies helped the United States recover from
a recession in the short term.
C. Harding's economic policies helped small farmers and urban
workers but didn't benefit business owners.
D. Harding's economic policies lessened the inequality gap between
the wealthy and the poor.
Answers
Answer:
Statement B best describes the effect of President Warren Harding's economic policies.
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What was one of the primary reasons that the economy was weak when Nixon took office?
A. Oil embargos made production costs skyrocket
B. The Vietnam War had been a huge expense
C. Low tax rates meant no money was coming in
D. Nuclear development took up most of the budget
Answers
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Nixon Shock refers to the economic actions taken by President Richard Nixon in 1971 that eventually led to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system.
3.What did Justinian I contribute to the development of written law?
A.brought the Napoleonic Code to France
B.simplified Roman law
C.carved laws into a large stone pillar
D.popularized English common law
Answers
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
He combined all old roman laws into a big book with them all together
That’s the correct andwer
Why did the House Un-American Activities Committee investigate Hollywood?
O to establish higher quality standards for new films
O to end racial discrimination in the casting of movies
O to uncover communist influences in the film industry
O to eliminate corruption and graft among movie executives
Help…
Answers
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated Hollywood to uncover communist influences in the film industry. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. In the 1940s and 1950s, the HUAC was concerned about the perceived spread of communism in the United States, and they believed that Hollywood was a hotbed of communist sympathizers who were using films to spread their ideology. As a result, the committee conducted investigations and hearings to identify and punish individuals suspected of being associated with communism, including many Hollywood actors, writers, and directors.
How does Nettl's analysis of the Soviet Union and technology compare to what Graham wrote?
Answers
Explanation:
Nettl's analysis of the Soviet Union and technology is significantly different from Graham's argument. Nettl emphasizes the limitations of Soviet technology and its inability to keep up with the West. He argues that despite Soviet propaganda, the country lagged behind the West in several key areas, including computers and microelectronics. Nettl suggests that the Soviet Union's centralized economic system hindered technological progress, as the government was unable to allocate resources efficiently and lacked the incentives for innovation and efficiency that existed in the West.
In contrast, Graham argues that the Soviet Union was able to achieve technological progress in certain areas, such as space exploration and nuclear technology, due to its centralized planning and strong government support. He suggests that the Soviet Union's achievements in these areas were a result of the country's ability to mobilize resources for specific goals and its willingness to invest heavily in technology.
While both Nettl and Graham acknowledge the role of the Soviet government in technological progress, their views on the effectiveness of Soviet central planning and government support are significantly different. Nettl's analysis emphasizes the limitations of Soviet technology and the inefficiencies of central planning, while Graham's argument highlights the potential benefits of strong government support for technological innovation.
Overall, Nettl's analysis is more critical of Soviet technology and its limitations, while Graham's argument is more optimistic about the potential for central planning and government support to drive technological progress.
How did some Americans turn their wartime experiences into lasting personal gains (i.e. better employment, a new home, or an education) after the war was over?
ANSWER THIS QUESTION< PLEASE! Why did others miss out on these opportunities?
Answers
The answer is Americans turn their wartime experiences into lasting personal gains after the war was over.
The reasons were- After WWII, veterans of wars receive compensation from the government.
They were supported by the government to support themselves.Veterans got opportunities to get education by getting tuition fees at vocational schools and colleges.The economy was more improved in the 1940 and 50s.The other veterans missed this opportunity because they were traumatized after the war and most of them were dead.
What does the military mean when they talk about war?A war is a armed struggle that has nations, governments, society, or paramilitary organizations like mercenaries, insurgents, and militias.
What distinguishes it from invasion?A war can start because of an invasion, it can be ended by using it as bigger strategy, or it can start as a result of the invasion. Invasions are large-scale operations that require military resources and intricate preparation. They also have a good influence on the target region.
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Most of the work in Congress is done by breaking up into these groups that specialize in different
areas of policies and lawmaking:
Answers
The House and Senate's legislative committees carry out the bulk of the actual work of Congress. The most influence rests with those committee chairs.
Why does most of the work in Congress get done in committees?The committee system helps the Senate and House of Representatives operate more effectively. Lawmakers are not expected to be experts in every topic. As a result, the Senate and House of Representatives established committees with a variety of specializations.
What obligation falls under a member of Congress the most?The members of the US Congress act as representatives for their constituents by holding hearings, proposing legislation, and participating in voting. Before being forwarded to the President for his signature, all bills must first receive approval from Congress.
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What were the phases in the holocaust?
Explanation??
Answers
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was a genocide that took place during World War II, where approximately six million Jews were systematically murdered by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. The Holocaust can be divided into several phases, including:
Persecution and Segregation: This phase began in 1933 when Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany. Jews were stripped of their civil rights and were subjected to various forms of discrimination, including the Nuremberg Laws, which prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jews and deprived them of their German citizenship.Ghettos: In 1939, the Nazi regime began to force Jews into ghettos, which were areas within cities where Jews were forced to live in crowded and unsanitary conditions. Many Jews died of starvation and disease in the ghettos.Deportation: From 1941 to 1945, the Nazi regime began to deport Jews from ghettos to concentration and extermination camps, primarily located in Poland. The first extermination camp, Chelmno, was opened in 1941, and others, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, and Sobibor, followed.Genocide: The final phase of the Holocaust was the systematic murder of Jews in extermination camps. The Nazis used gas chambers and other methods to kill millions of Jews, along with other groups, including Roma, homosexuals, and people with disabilities.The Holocaust was a horrific event in human history that resulted in the deaths of millions of innocent people. It serves as a reminder of the dangers of prejudice, discrimination, and hatred, and the importance of promoting tolerance and respect for all people, regardless of their race, ethnicity, religion, or background.
When did War War One start
Answers
Answer:
July 28, 1914
Explanation:
Answer: July 1914 to November 11, 1918.
Explanation: I think your talking about World War One ...
What was one economic difference between the Middle and New
England colonies?
The Middle colonies did not allow African slavery,
The New England colonies relied on subsistence farming
The Middle colonies developed a shipbuilding industry.
The New England colonies built large plantations,
Answers
Answer:
It's C.
Explanation:
C. The Middle colonies developed a shipbuilding industry is the economic difference between the Middle and New England colonies. The Middle colonies, which included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, had a strong economy based on agriculture, trade, and manufacturing. The Middle colonies had access to natural resources such as iron, coal, and timber, which allowed them to develop a shipbuilding industry. This industry was a major source of employment and revenue for the Middle colonies. In contrast, the New England colonies, which included Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, had a primarily agricultural economy that relied on subsistence farming and fishing. While there were some shipbuilding activities in New England, it was not as significant as in the Middle colonies.
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Who was smarter Albert Einstein or Benjamin Franklin?
Answers
1. For what reasons does Demaratus think the Spartans will fight so hard to resist Xerxes?
2. What does this passage reveal concerning Herodotus's attitude toward the Greeks? Toward the Persians?
Answers
Demaratus' response: Spartans would fight to the death even when much outnumbered; Greece is impoverished. Xerxes is pessimistic that the Greeks would be able to compete with his greater numbers.
What did the Greeks become famous for?Significant advancements were made by the Greeks in astronomy, math, philosophy, even medicine. Greek culture gave literature and theater a high priority, which influenced modern plays. Greek architecture and art are well renowned for their elaborate designs.
What do you call Greeks?As opposed to this, Greeks call themselves "v"—Hellenes. The word "Greek" is derived from the Latin "Graeci," and thanks to Roman influence, it has come to be used in most languages to refer to Greek people and culture. Yet, "Greek" and "Hellenic" are also used in English.
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What are the achievements made by the Khulfa-e-Rashideen
Answers
Answer:
The Rashidun were also responsible for the adoption of an Islamic calendar, dating from Muhammad's emigration (Hijrah) from Mecca to Medina (622), and the establishment of an authoritative reading of the Qurʾān, which strengthened the Muslim community and encouraged religious scholarship.