Goal-Setting, Expectancy, Reinforcement, and Equity Theory
Goal-Setting, Expectancy, Reinforcement, and Equity Theories all serve Theory Y managers in understanding how employees can be motivated at work. Employees seek interesting and challenging work in a fair work environment that allows for autonomy. There should be a system to engage everyone in the organization in goal setting and implementation as well as an expectation that effort expended will result in a positive outcome and be balanced from one employee to another (given the same work). Managers can also find success in fairness and a reward system that all employees value.
Goal-setting theory is based on the premise that employees are motivated when they are clear about the goals they are working toward. More importantly, they are more likely to engage to attain these goals if they collaborate with management in planning. Management by Objectives (MBO) is the process of discussion, review, and evaluation of goals between a manager and employee. Expectancy theory is based on the premise that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome. Reinforcement theory states that individuals act to receive rewards and avoid punishment. A manager may attempt to surface good behaviors through rewards and extinguish poor behaviors through punishment. Equity theory zeros in on how employees' perceptions of fairness affect their willingness to perform.
Roll over each employee name to read a scenario. Match the scenario with the respective theory on the left by dragging the employee name to the corresponding theory.
1. Nathaniel has been late so much this month that he was not put on the project he requested to lead.
2. Robert does not want to go into work on his day off because he does not really need the overtime pay and that is the only benefit his boss offered.
3. Angela will be offered the role of team leader if she prepares a year-end profit and loss statement in Excel for the department, but she has not been trained to use Excel.
4. Rebecca's manager gave her a gift card to her favorite restaurant for having the highest value of sales in her department last month.
5. Gwen was glad she could sit down with her boss and plan the best schedule to accomplish her goals and objectives for the first quarter of the year.
6. Ruth found of that Liz is getting paid more per hour for doing the same job! Ruth has been with the company longer and her output is higher.
7. Jason is meeting with his manager to review the list of goals they spelled out last month to see what he has accomplished so far.
8. Daniel gave up his day off to help is boss hoping he would be appointed team leader, but the position was awarded to a co-worker who never helps out on the weekends!
A. Goal-setting
B. Expectancy
C. Reinforcement
D. Equity

Answer:

$ 22.97

Explanation:

Calculation for the total manufacturing cost per boat

First step is to Calculate the Activity rates

Activity Cost Pool Activity driver Overhead Cost (A) Expected Activity (B) Activity rate (A/B)

Materials handling Number of Part

$ 3,300÷ 3000 =$ 1.10 Per Part

Assembling Number of Part

$ 4,800÷3000 =$ 1.60 Per Part

Packaging Number of Boat

$ 6,000÷ 1300 =$ 4.62 Per Boat

Second step is to Calculate the Cost assigned to Boat

Activity name Activity Rates Activity ABC Cost

(A) (B) (A x B)

Materials handling

$ 1.10 × 4.00=$ 4.40

Assembling

$ 1.60 × 4.00 =$ 6.40

Packaging

$ 4.62 × 1.00 = $ 4.62

Total Overheads assigned per boat $ 15.42

($4.40+$6.40+$4.62)

Last step is to Calculate for the total manufacturing cost per boat

Boat

Direct material $ 7.55

Direct labor $0

Overheads $15.42

Total Cost per unit $ 22.97

($7.55+$15.42)

Therefore the total manufacturing cost per boat is $ 22.97

Answer:

B. False

Explanation:

A self-administered survey is one where there is the collection of the necessary data for the survey is carried out through a questionnaire of questions to be answered by the interviewee. Questionnaires can be sent via mail, e-mail, personal interception, hand delivery etc.

The advantages of self-administered surveys are cost reduction, since questionnaires can be sent via email at no cost to both, greater control of the interviewee, since the questions can be developed according to the information you want to collect, greater quick feedback, which reduces the apprehension of the interview evaluation.

False, the self-administered surveys would not be advantageous in terms of reduced interview evaluation apprehension. The Option B.

Self-administered surveys eliminate the need for face-to-face interactions and direct interviewer involvement which can indeed reduce interview evaluation apprehension. When individuals complete surveys on their own, they may feel less pressured and more comfortable expressing their opinions.

But this advantage does not hold true for self-administered surveys as they are completed by the respondents themselves without the presence of an interviewer. Consequently, the absence of an interviewer does not contribute to a reduction in interview evaluation apprehension. Therefore, the Option B is correct.

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Answer:

If the new law reduces the rate of job separation without affecting the rate of job finding, then, the natural rate of unemployment will fall.

This is because of the formula

U / L = s / (s + f)

Where U is unemployment, L is labor force, s is rate of separation, and f is rate of job finding.

The reason why the rate of natural unemployment will fall is because if employees are harder to fire, companies will be more careful when hiring workers, since the cost of firing a worker is now higher.

Answer:

$1,500

Explanation:

A business buys $5000 worth of resources resources to produce a good

The business makes 100 unit of of the good and sell each for $65

Therefore the value added by the business to the product can be calculated as follows

= $65×100

= $6500

$6,500-$5,000

= $1,500

Hence the value added by the business to the product is $1,500

Answer: it means to accept something or recognition

Answer:

1. Total estimated direct labor cost = $148,800

2. Total estimated manufacturing overhead cost = $410,880

3. Total Cash disbursement for the fiscal year = $254,880

Explanation:

Please see attached detailed explanation of the above questions and answers.

Answer:

20.10%

Explanation:

The first task is to compute the bond's purchase price last year which is found using the bond price formula below:

bond price=face value/(1+r)^n+ annual coupon*(1-(1+r)^-n/r

face value=$1000

r=yield to maturity=12.21%

n=number of annual coupons in 15 years=15

annual coupon=face value*coupon rate=$1000*11%=$110

bond price=1000/(1+12.21%)^15+110*(1-(1+12.21%)^-15/12.21%

bond price=1000/(1+12.21%)^15+110*(1-0.177634192 )/12.21%

bond price=$918.50  

Rate of return=(price today-initial price+coupon received)/initial price

price today= $993.14

initial price=$918.50  

coupon received(for 1 year)=$110

Rate of return=($993.14-$918.50+$110)/$918.50=20.10%

Answer: C.) Wage

Explanation: A salary is a set cost that is due to you over an agreed amount of time. A commission is a percentage that you get from the original cost. A wage is the income one makes daily, or per hour. A pension is the gradual amount of money being added up during the years one works. Therefore, $50 an hour is a wage.

I hope this helped!

Good luck <3

Answer: $40,000

Explanation:

Kline brings in equipment that is worth $60,000 but has a basis of $45,000.

The equipment however is subject to a loan of $10,000.

This loan will have to be deducted from the basis. The partnership however is assuming the loan and Kline is only 50% liable in the partnership so Kline's basis will only be affected by half of the loan.

Basis = 45,000 - 5,000

= $40,000

Question Completion:

Question 2 Ivanhoe Water Co. is a leading producer of greenhouse irrigation systems. Currently, the company manufactures the timer unit used in each of its systems. Based on an annual production of 40,330 timers, the company has calculated the following unit costs Direct fixed costs include supervisory and clerical salaries and equipment depreciation. Direct materials Direct labor Variable manufacturing overhead Direct fixed manufacturing overhead Allocated fixed manufacturing overhead $12 10 (30% salaries, 70% depreciation) 10 Total unit cost $42 Clifton Clocks has offered to provide the timer units to Sandhill at a price of $34 per unit. If Sandhill accepts the offer, the current timer unit supervisory and clerical staff will be laid off (a1) Your answer is correct. Calculate the total relevant cost to make or buy the timer units. (Round answers to O decimal places, eg, S250.) Make Buy 100825 1371220

Answer:

Ivanhoe Water

1. Total relevant cost to make the timer units:

If Ivanhoe does not accept the Clifton's offer, its total cost = $35 * 40,330 = $1,411,5500

If it accepts Clifton's offer, the total cost = $34 * 40,330 = $1,371,220

2. Net cost = $40,330

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

Cost of producing 40,330 timers

Direct materials                                         $12

Direct labor                                                   7

Variable manufacturing overhead              3

Direct fixed manufacturing overhead       10

Allocated fixed manufacturing overhead 10 (30% salaries, 70% depreciation)

Total unit cost                                         $42

Clifton's offer = $34 per unit

Total relevant cost to make the timer units:

If Ivanhoe does not accept the Clifton's offer, its total cost = $35 * 40,330 = $1,411,5500

If it accepts Clifton's offer, the total cost = $34 * 40,330 = $1,371,220

Net cost = $40,330

Out of the total cost of $42, $7 for the depreciation is not considered relevant.  This leaves the relevant cost at $35 per unit.  Any cost that cannot be eliminated by a decision is not relevant, it is a sunk cost.  The salaries of the supervisory and clerical staff can be eliminated, so it is relevant here.

Question attached

Answer and Explanation:

1a. We can see immediate short run aggregate supply in North vaudeville in column A. This is because the price is fixed while output increases

1b. We can see short run aggregate supply in North vaudeville in column c. This is because output increases with price increase.

1c we can see long run aggregate supply in North vaudeville in column B. This is because output is constant with price increase.

Assuming output per hour of work decreases by 25% for column C then for each price, output is:

2A. Given price P= 110, output is 285(1-0.25) = 213.75

2B. Given price P = 100, output is 260(1-0.25) = 195

2C. Given price P = 95, output is 235(1-0.25) = 176.25

2D. Given price P = 90, output is 210(1-0.25) = 157.50

3. The new data from question 2 reflects a decrease in aggregate supply.

Answer:

(a) Countries have identical preferences and identical endowments.

Explanation:

Analyzing the statement, there is information that the preferences of countries are homothetic (but not necessarily identical) with respect to the 2 goods, food and clothing.

That is why it is correct to state that countries will not trade with each other, as countries have identical preferences and identical allocations, which means that the demands for these goods will be related to the prices of the goods and not in relation to income or preferences.

Therefore, there is no need to commercialize these two goods between these countries, except in situations of scarcity.

Answer:

39,000 Explanation:

FOB shipping point. The goods cost Troy $26,130.

Answer:

$0

Explanation:

George and Weezy will not get any amount as social security benefit if they file married joint. The sum of their modified AGI plus the 50% of their social security benefit is [$5,000 + $8,000 + $15,100]. This equals to $28,100 which is below the minimum amount of social security.

Answer:Total Cost of equipment=$502,500

Explanation:

Total Cost of equipment= This is gotten by addition of Cost of Purchase +Shipping costs  +Foundation work+ Testing expense

=$470,000+$14,100+$7,700+($7,000+$3,700.)

=$502,500

Answer:

Results are below.

Explanation:

First, we need to calculate the currently employed people and the unemployment rate:

Employed people= 100,000,000 - 6,000,000= 94,000,000

Unemployment rate= unemployed people / labor force

Unemployment rate= 6,000,000 / 100,000,000

Unemployment rate= 0.06= 6%

Now, the newly employed people and the unemployment rate:

Employed people= 94,000,000 + 300,000 - 200,000

Employed people= 94,100,000

Unemployment rate= 5,900,000 / 100,000,000

Unemployment rate= 0.059 = 5.9%

Answer:

Decrease in one asset and an increase in another asset

Explanation:

The journal entry to record the transfer of units to the next department in process accounting is a(n):

i. Decrease in one asset

ii. Increase in another asset

Answer:

The appropriate answer is Option c (Escalator clause).

Explanation:

The other options given aren't connected to just the given case. In such a way that the response above is right.

Answer:

A. True

Explanation:

The process of taking cash flow that is received or paid in the future and stating that cash flow in present value terms is called discounting.

Discounting is the opposite of Compounding because discounting measures what the value of future cash flow is worth in the present while compounding takes the present value into the future. Discounting generally points to a method of knowing the present value of cash flow. Discounting is an important tool due to how a business could know the present value of what the business spends and gains by comparing it to the future value of what is to be received.

The cash flow that is received or paid in the future is less than the present value of the cash flow and that depicts the time value of money.

Answer:

If Xmart doesn't notify Fred that Donald is not there agent anymore, then any agreement made between Donald and Fred will be valid and binding to Xmart.

Donald is no longer Xmart's agent, but unless Fred is notified, he still may act as an apparent agent. Apparent agents are people that someone could assume are acting on behalf of a principal, e.g. a person that wears a store's uniform inside a store is presumably a salesperson or someone that works for the store, therefore, he/she is an apparent agent. You do not ask for employment contracts when you enter a store.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Before a consumer makes a decision to buy a product, several factors can affect him. Two distinct factors are the attitude of others and unexpected situational factors. When the customer notices that a lot of people around him have a negative disposition or opinion about a product, they are likely to be discouraged from buying that product.

This is even more likely to happen if the consumer lacks enough motivation to buy that product. So the attitude of others can affect the buyer's intention which is his motivation and the final decision to purchase that product.

A lot of factors can come between purchase intensions. A factor that can come between the purchase intention and purchase decision is the attitude of others is a true statement.

Another factor consider is perceived playfulness that also affects purchase intention positively.

The factors that affect a consumer's purchase intention can be said to be product perception, shopping experience, customer service etc.

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Answer:

i would say b, the domestic pay more.

Answer:

1.) Katy can educate her consumers about the differences between her store and her competitors.

2.) Katy can protect her consumer base.

Explanation:

Using advertisements, Katy can show her consumer the differences and advantages that her products have over those of her competitors thereby encouraging them to patronise her.

She can also use these adverts to protect her customer base from her competitors because when they see the adverts, they will be even more encouraged to keep buying from Katy and will thus be less likely to switch to her competitors.

The other two options are incorrect.

Answer:

Net asset value at the start of the year = $240,000,000 / 10,000,000 shares

Net asset value at the start of the year = $24

Asset in the beginning                                            $240,000,000

Increase in value $240,000,000*5%                     $12,000,000  

Assets at the end                                                    $352,000,000

Less: 12b-1 Charges $352,000,000 * 0.75%)         $2,640,000    

Asset at the end                                                       $349,360,000

Net asset value at the end of the year = $349,360,000/10,000,000 shares

Net asset value at the end of the year = $34.936

Answer:

additional insured

Explanation:

An additional insured endorsement refers to an amendment clause made to an exiting policy which adds someone else, and therefore, extends the coverage of the policy to include this recently added party.

In this case, Roger was included or added to his tenant's liability insurance policy, therefore, he will be covered by it.

Answer:

The Break-even point in units will increase by 250 units.

Explanation:

Giving the following information:

Fixed costs= $25,000

Selling price= $55

Unitary varaible cost= $30

First, we need to calculate the current break-even point in units:

Break-even point in units= fixed costs/ contribution margin per unit

Break-even point in units= 25,000 / 25

Break-even point in units= 1,000

Now, the new Break-even point in units:

Break-even point in units= 25,000 / (55 - 35)

Break-even point in units= 1,250

The Break-even point in units will increase by 250 units.

Answer:

Librarian

Explanation: Enjoy (っ＾▿＾)۶٩(˘◡˘ )

The  type of educational worker  that will most likely help students find books outside the classroom to help them write research papers is  librarian.

A librarian can be defined as the person that works in the library whose soles reponsibility is to find, sort and arrange bookes.

A  librarian is the right position to help a student find books because that is the duty or work of a librarian.

Therefore the type of educational worker  that will most likely help students find books is  librarian.

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Answer: Account MW which compounds monthly provides a higher effective rate at 7.71%

Explanation:

Use the Effective Interest rate formula to see which offers the higher return.

Account WH;

Compounded continuously;

= e^(interest rate) - 1

= e^7.35% - 1

= 7.63%

Account MW

Compounded per month

= (( 1 + interest / compounding period) ^ period) - 1

=  (( 1 + 7.45%/12) ^ 12) -1

= 7.71%

Answer:

d. $2,676

Explanation:

The computation of the horizontal value is shown below:

FCF1 = (100 × 1.06) = 106

FCF2  = (106 × 1.06) = 112.36

FCF3 = (112.36 × 1.06) = 119.1016

FCF4  = (119.1016 × 1.06) = 126.247696

FCF5  = (126.247696 × 1.06) = 133.8225578

Now

Horizon value is

= FCF5 ÷ (Cost of capital  - Growth rate)

= 133.8225578 ÷ (0.08  - 0.03)

= $2,676

Hence, the correct option is d.

According to the question,

The computation of the horizontal value will be:

→ [tex]FCF_1 = 100\times 1.06[/tex]

             [tex]= 106[/tex]

→ [tex]FCF_2 = 106\times 1.06[/tex]

             [tex]= 112.36[/tex]

→ [tex]FCF_3 = 112.36\times 1.06[/tex]

             [tex]= 119.1016[/tex]

→ [tex]FCF_4 = 119.1016\times 1.06[/tex]

             [tex]= 126.25[/tex]

→ [tex]FCF_5 = 126.25\times 1.06[/tex]

             [tex]= 133.8226[/tex]

hence,

The horizon value will be:

= [tex]\frac{FCF_5}{Cost \ of \ capital - Growth \ rate}[/tex]

By putting the values, we get

= [tex]\frac{133.8226}{0.08-0.03}[/tex]

= [tex]2,676[/tex] ($)

Thus the above approach i.e., "option d" is right.

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Answer:

WMC Corporation

Misstatement of Ending Inventories:

1. Effect of these errors on Retained Earnings at January 1, 2021:

a) The understated amount by $124,000 in 2019 has self-corrected in 2020 with the Beginning Inventory also understated.  So, it has no effect on the Retained Earnings at January 1, 2021.

b) The overstated ending inventories by $154,000 will overstate the Retained Earnings at January 1, 2021 by the same amount.  Since it has not self-corrected like (a), the correction will be to reduce the Retained Earnings and reduce the Beginning Inventories by $154,000.

2. Journal Entry:

Debit Retained Earnings $154,000

Credit Beginning Inventories $154,000

To reverse the overstated inventories.

Explanation:

a) Data:

2019 understated by $ 124,000

2020 overstated by 154,000

Inventory system = periodic

Inventory method = FIFO