Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is usually recommended for remedy of recurrent Clostridium difficile contamination (rCDI). We performed a single-center randomized trial to evaluate the effects of FMT with those of fidaxomicin and vancomycin.
All sixty four sufferers acquired their assigned remedy. The mixture of scientific resolution and negative consequences from the check for CD were observed in 17 sufferers given FMTv (seventy one%), 8 sufferers given fidaxomicin (33%), and three sufferers given vancomycin (19%; P = .009 for FMTv vs fidaxomicin; P = .001 for FMTv vs vancomycin; P = .31 for fidaxomicin vs vancomycin). clinical decision become found in 22 sufferers given FMTv (92%), 10 patients given fidaxomicin (42%), and 3 patients given vancomycin (19%; P = .0002; P < .0001; P = .thirteen). consequences did not fluctuate significantly between patients who received FMTv as their preliminary remedy and sufferers who acquired rescue FMTv. there was 1 extreme adverse occasion that might were associated with FMTv.
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fecal microbiota transplantation is superior to fidaxomicin for treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection. explain?
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In terms of electron sharing between atoms, compare nonpolar co-valent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and the formation of ions.
The comparison between nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and the formation of ions in terms of electron sharing between atoms is given below:
In a covalent bond, there is a sharing of electrons between atoms that bond to form a bond, and the sharing of electrons has to do with the nature of the atoms as this determines if they would be shared equally or not.
If two atoms that have similar or equal electronegativity values that do not exceed 0.5 come together, they would form a nonpolar covalent bond.
What is a Covalent Bond?This refers to the interatomic linkage that occurs when electron pairs are shared between atoms.
Hence, we can see that The comparison between nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and the formation of ions in terms of electron sharing between atoms is given below:
In a covalent bond, there is a sharing of electrons between atoms that bond to form a bond, and the sharing of electrons has to do with the nature of the atoms as this determines if they would be shared equally or not.
If two atoms that have similar or equal electronegativity values that do not exceed 0.5 come together, they would form a nonpolar covalent bond.
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The process of oogenesis is often described as the production of a haploid egg by meiosis, but in some animals, including humans, this is not an entirely accurate description. Explain.
The process of oogenesis is often described as the production of a haploid egg by meiosis, but in some animals, including humans, this is not an entirely accurate description because
Oogenesis is not solely the process of creating haploid eggs through meiotic division in humans and certain other animals. After fusing with the sperm cell, the second stage of meiotic division, which creates eggs, takes place in humans. reproduction is the physiological process through which two-parent organisms—both of the same species, but of different sexes—contribute to the development of offspring.Genetic diversity is accounted for by this form of reproduction. The genome of the offspring is formed equally by the genomes of both parents.The process of gametogenesis that takes place inside the female body is referred to as oogenesis. In this procedure, a single functioning gamete (egg cell) is formed, and the other three daughter cells (polar bodies) degenerates due to a paucity of cytoplasmic material.The process of oogenesis in humans is a little different; in this instance, the initial meiotic division results in the production of a secondary oocyte. This secondary oocyte first fuses with a sperm cell before entering the second stage of meiotic division (male gamete).The second cycle of meiosis begins when the male gamete fuses with the secondary oocyte, converting the latter into an egg cell. The egg is not created as a haploid cell since it is formed after fertilization. As a result, the definition given above is incorrect.To learn more about oogenesis refer the link:
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What roles do the midbrain, cerebellum, thalamus, and cerebrum play in vision and responses to visual input?
The roles that the midbrain, cerebellum, thalamus, and cerebrum play in vision and responses to visual input are as follows:
The midbrain coordinates visual reflexes through motor movement as well as auditory and visual processing. The cerebellum regulates the coordination of movement that depends on visual inputs.The thalamus function as a routing center for visual information. It receives input from the retina which is relayed to the brain through the optic nerve. The cerebrum is essential for converting visual input to a visual image. What are the other functions of the cerebrum?The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain which initiates and coordinates body movement and controls the internal temperature. This part of the brain also regulates speech, problem-solving, emotions, critical thinking, learning, judgment ability, etc.
Therefore, the roles that the midbrain, cerebellum, thalamus, and cerebrum play in vision and responses to visual input are appropriately mentioned above one by one.
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choose the correct anatomical sequence that presents the order in which food in the digestive system passes through. view available hint(s)for part a choose the correct anatomical sequence that presents the order in which food in the digestive system passes through. esophagus → stomach → pharynx → small intestine pharynx → stomach → esophagus → small intestine pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine esophagus → pharynx → stomach → small intestine pharynx → small intestine → large intestine → stomach
The correct sequence of the human alimentary canal is Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine.
What is the alimentary canal in the human body?the organs that food and liquid pass through on their way to being ingested, digested, absorbed in, and excreted as faeces. The mouth, pharynx (throat), oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus are included in this group of organs. The digestive process includes the gastrointestinal tract.
Where is the alimentary canal located?The digestive tract (also called the digestive tract). Food can move through the body via this long tube of organs. It encompasses the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines and extends from the mouth to the anus (where excrement emerges). The digestive tract of an adult is approximately 30 feet (9 meters) long.
The correct sequence of the human alimentary canal is Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine.
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True or false the prefix strepto- means that the bacteria are arranged in clusters.
The statement 'prefix strepto- means that the bacteria are arranged in clusters' is FALSE and it is used to indicate twist shape.
What does prefix strepto- mean?The prefix strepto- is used in biology to denote any form of life such as microorganisms (e.g. bacteria form Streptococcus genera) that exhibit twisted-shaped structures.
In conclusion, The statement 'prefix strepto- means that the bacteria are arranged in clusters' is FALSE and it is used to indicate twist shape.
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you are presented with several single-celled organisms, including one thought to belong to the kingdom fungi. what unique shared derived feature helps you identify this as a fungus? group of answer choices presence of chitin in its cell walls presence of feeding cells presence of nuclei presence of chloroplasts
The unique shared derived feature that helps to identify a fungus is: presence of chitin in the cell walls.
Fungus actually refers to the organisms of Kingdom Fungi. These are eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms that may be unicellular or multicellular. They are non-vascular as well as non-motile. The reproduction in fungi occurs by the means of spores.
Chitin is the polymers of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine groups. These are joined together by β (1→4) linkages. They are commonly found in the cell wall of fungi and in the exoskeleton of arthropods. It is non-toxic and biodegradable polymer. It is known to be the 2nd most abundant biodegradable substance.
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The primary reason designers seek to lower the center of gravity in automobiles is to?
The primary reason designers seek to lower the center of gravity in automobiles is to increase stability.
The main objective of reducing the center of gravity in cars is to increase stability.
A vital factor in determining a vehicle's stability, braking effectiveness, and safety is its center of gravity (CG). As the only source of propulsion in a gravity vehicle, mass has a significant role in how well the vehicle performs.
Any vehicle's center of gravity is where all of the mass of the vehicle is concentrated in one place. It is, to put it simply, where a thing weighs on average.
The second sacral vertebra is where the center of gravity for the human body is located. It is often located in your car someplace towards the center of the vehicle.
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fraga and colleagues (2005) took tissue samples from 40 pairs of monozygotic twins and screened the tissues for dna methylation and histone modifications. they found that the twins were epigenetically early in life and that epigenetic differences as they aged.
Fraga et al (2005) found that twins were epigenetically indistinguishable early in life and epigenetic differences accumulated as they aged.
What are epigenetic modifications?Epigenetic modifications are specific changes in the chemical groups (such as methyl groups) that bind to DNA and histones, which may affect gene expression patterns.
Epigenetic modifications control genes by altering the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors, which represent a fundamental phenomenon capable of regulating gene expression.
In conclusion, Fraga et al (2005) took tissue samples from 40 pairs of monozygotic twins and screened the tissues for DNA methylation and histone modifications to find that the twins were epigenetically indistinguishable early in life and that epigenetic differences accumulated as they aged.
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Simple cuboidal epithelium is built for? prevention of water loss through the skin. distensibility. absorption or secretion. protection from mechanical stresses.
Simple cuboidal epithelium is a specialized tissue built for absorption or secretion (Option 3 is correct).
What is Simple cuboidal epithelium?Simple cuboidal epithelium is a layer of specialized cells that cover certain structures and organs in order to facilitate the absorption of nutrients in the body.
In conclusion, Simple cuboidal epithelium is a specialized tissue built for absorption or secretion (Option 3 is correct).
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In a separate experiment, researchers disrupted the block to polyspermy, generating embryos with 7 to 10 sperm nuclei. At the end of cleavage, these embryos had the same nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio as the wild-type embryos, but cleavage ended at the 10th cell division rather than the 12 th cell division. What do these results indicate about the timing of the end of cleavage?
Fertilization calcium waves are introduced, and evidence is presented that allows us to infer the general mechanism of these waves.
Two major classes of hypotheses submitted to explain the generation of fertilization calcium waves are presented, and the triggering of fertilization calcium waves in inverted animals can most commonly be explained by the mechanism by which activators enter the oviduct. I conclude.
Activates the egg by stimulating activation of phospholipase C via the src family kinase pathway and, in mammals, by diffusion of sperm-specific phospholipase C from sperm to egg in sperm-egg fusion. Waves are placed in the context of cell cycle control to investigate the mechanism of repetitive calcium spikes in mammalian eggs.
The evidence that calcium signaling controls early embryonic cell division is reviewed, and it is concluded that calcium signaling is essential in all three stages of early embryonic cell division. Evidence is contemplated that the Phosphoinositide signaling pathway controls meiotic resumption during oocyte maturation. Overall, the evidence is concluded to indicate a requirement for phosphoinositide/calcium signaling during meiosis resumption.
During meiosis, changes in the calcium signaling machinery occur, resulting in the generation of a calcium surge when a mature oocyte is fertilized. We review evidence that the shape and structure of the endoplasmic reticulum change dynamically during maturation and after fertilization, and discuss the link between endoplasmic reticulum dynamics and the cytoskeleton.
There is evidence that calcium signaling plays an important role in the development of early embryonic patterns. We briefly describe the morphogenesis of sea squirt, frog, and zebrafish embryos and describe the developmental context in which calcium signaling functions.
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Suppose that you've been hired by a firm interested in using bacteria to clean up organic solvents found in toxic waste dumps. your new employer is particularly interested in finding cells that are capable of breaking a hydrocarbon called benzene into less-toxic compounds. how would you select some bacteria that might metabolize benzene as an energy or carbon source, and how would you test them?
Bacterial are small powerful organism. Bacterial cultures are help to eliminate dumping billions of gallons of bacteria into small amount.
What are bacteria?Bacteria are powerful organism to dump the waste. The bacteria which is used to clean the dump waste of water is called biodegradation. The use of bacterial cultures are used to clean waste.
Solid waste absorbs oxygen from the water that means that can be bind to the fish and other aquatic organism. Baccillus species, pseudomonas species, Entrococcus species are used to treat solid waste.
Microorganisms are help to eliminate the solid waste from waste water. Solid waste disposal are increasing problems day by day. Vermicomposting, composting, sanitary landfilling are some of the methods for solid waste management.
Therefore, Bacterial are small powerful organism. Bacterial cultures are help to eliminate dumping billions of gallons of bacteria into small amount.
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Why does the structure H - C = C - H fail to make sense chemically?
The structure H - C = C - H fail to make sense chemically because each carbon atom has three covalent bond in this structure instead of the required four.
How come carbon cannot create four bonds with itself?The carbon electron orbitals prevent the formation of a 4 bond between the elements. Since it already has four valence electrons, it requires four more electrons to complete the outer energy level. To complete its Octet rule, it accomplishes this by establishing covalent bonds with a different element.
The covalency of carbon is 4 , in this structure there is only 3 bonds each structure has formed and one valence electron available . So that is why it is fail to make chemically sense .
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Which is correct about influenza?
a. antigenic shift is a minor change in the viral strain.
b. the virus is found in swine and cats.
Both statements are true.
The influenza virus undergoes antigenic shift as a minor change in the viral strain and is also found in cats and swine.
The influenza virus is an infectious respiratory disease that affects the respiratory system in humans and animals.
Commonly, this virus is known as flu and for most people, it resolves automatically after some time.
Moreover, it has contagious symptoms ranging from mild to severe.
The most common and widespread systems are headaches, fever, sore throat, coughing, and breathing problems.
In severe cases, pneumonia can also result from this infection as a result of mutational changes.
It is found in cats, whales, humans, and swine.
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What type of land feature is circled in red in the picture below?
Answer:
isthmus
Explanation:
Isthmus: a narrow strip of land with sea on either side, forming a link between two larger areas of land.
This isthmus forms a link between North and South America.
The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except __________.
The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except a middle lamella.
What is the extracellular matrix?The extracellular matrix is a complex network of proteins that surround cells in higher organisms (animals) which is used to attach nearby cells and thus provide structural support.
In conclusion, the extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except a middle lamella.
Complete question:
The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except __________. proteoglycans, fibronectin, integrins, a middle lamella, collagen.
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How might a learned behavior contribute to speciation? (See Concept 24.1. )
Like intrinsic behaviour, learned behaviour can contribute to reproductive isolation and hence speciation. Learned bird songs, for example, aid in species identification during courting, ensuring that only individuals of the same species mate.
In ecology, what is learnt behaviour?In general, a learnt behaviour is one that an organism acquires via experience. In contrast to learned actions, inherent behaviours are genetically programmed and may be executed without any prior experience or training. Of fact, some behaviours are a combination of learnt and intrinsic components.
Behavior helps us grasp difficult conservation issues including how to conserve endangered species, assess environmental quality, and plan nature preserves. It is used to assess the significance of human-related dangers to survival in otherwise inhospitable environments.
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What gives proteins its unique properties?
Answer:
It sequence of amino acids is what gives it its 3D structure and function.
Explanation:
hope this is good enough
Age-related changes associated with the cardiac system include which conditions? select all that apply.
Age-related changes associated with the cardiac system includes the following conditions: (c) Endocardial fibrosis, and (d) Increased size of the left atrium.
Cardiac system is actually the cardiovascular system that functions to circulate blood to the whole body. It regulates the circulation of oxygenated blood from heart to the whole body and also the deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Endocardial fibrosis is an endemic disease. In this disease thee occurs fibrosis in the apical endocardium of right ventricle, left ventricle, or both. A certain specific cause for the disease has not been identified. The disease can be caused due to infection from parasites, protozoans or due to inflammation.
The question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Age-related changes associated with the cardiac system include which conditions? Select all that apply.
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As blood vessels constrict, their radius decreases. what impact does a decreased vessel radius have on blood flow?
As blood vessels constrict, their radius decreases. The impact a decreased vessel radius has on blood flow is it decreases Blood flow.
The vessel's length and diameter In accordance with the law of linear proportionality, a vessel's length is equidistant from its resistance. A vessel's resistance increases and its flow decreases with length. The increased surface area of the artery will restrict the flow of blood, therefore this makes logical sense, just as it does in the case of blood volume. Fluid flow changes substantially when the radius of the circle is modified even little (since the radius is raised to the 4th power). The rate of flow increases exponentially as the circle's radius increases.
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Some arctic tundra ecosystems receive as little rainfall as deserts but have much more dense vegetation. What climatic factor might explain this difference? Explain.
Answer:
Tundra is much warmer than deserts, so less water evaporates during the growing season and the tundra stays more moist.
Explanation:
Scientists use the science called to classify organisms based on how they are
Answer:
taxonomy .
Explanation:
the science of naming organisms using a scheme of classification based on similar characteristics is named taxonomy .
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conditional knock-out of kir4.1 leads to glial membrane depolarization, inhibition of potassium and glutamate uptake, and enhanced short-term synaptic potentiation.
During neuronal activity, extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]out) becomes elevated and, if uncorrected, causes neuronal depolarization, hyperexcitability, and seizures. Clearance of K+ from the extracellular space, termed K+ spatial buffering, is considered to be an important function of astrocytes. Results from a number of studies suggest that maintenance of [K+]out by astrocytes is mediated by K+ uptake through the inward-rectifying Kir4.1 channels.
To study the role of this channel in astrocyte physiology and neuronal excitability, we generated a conditional knock-out (cKO) of Kir4.1 directed to astrocytes via the human glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter gfa2. Kir4.1 cKO mice die prematurely and display severe ataxia and stress-induced seizures. Electrophysiological recordings revealed severe depolarization of both passive astrocytes and complex glia in Kir4.1 cKO hippocampal slices. Complex cell depolarization appears to be a direct consequence of Kir4.1 removal, whereas passive astrocyte depolarization seems to arise from an indirect developmental process.
Surprisingly, membrane and action potential properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons, as well as basal synaptic transmission in the CA1 stratum radiatum appeared unaffected, whereas spontaneous neuronal activity was reduced in the Kir4.1 cKO. However, high-frequency stimulation revealed greatly elevated posttetanic potentiation and short-term potentiation in Kir4.1 cKO hippocampus. Our findings implicate a role for glial Kir4.1 channel subunit in the modulation of synaptic strength.
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Several emergent properties of water contribute to the suitability of the environment for life. How does the ability of water to function as a versatile solvent arise from the structure of water molecules?.
The ability of water to function as a versatile solvent arise from the structure of water molecules as it consists of polar covalent bonds.
A solvent is any liquid that can dissolve particles in it, called solute, and form a solution. The most widely used solvent is water. It is most widely used due to its polar nature.
Polar covalent bonds are those where atoms having electronegativity difference share electrons and form bonds. Water has polar covalent bonds. This provides it the ability to surround any ionic substance and form hydrogen bonds with it. This is the reason why water acts as a versatile solvent.
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Different kinds of substances have different properties. Compare and Contrast the electrical properties of salts, metals, and acids
Salts do not conduct electricity while metals and acids can conduct electricity because of the presence of free electrons or ions in metals and acids.
Compare the electrical properties of salts, metals, and acids?Salts do not conduct electricity because there is no presence of free electrons in it while on the other hand, metals and acids can conduct electricity due to the presence of free electrons in metals and presence of ions in acids. Charge carriers are responsible for carrying electrical charges from one point to another. It act as charge carriers that allows electrical conductivity.
So we can conclude that Salts do not conduct electricity while metals and acids can conduct electricity because of the presence of free electrons or ions in metals and acids.
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Synthesis: How does pH affect the activity of enzymes?
Claim:
Evidence:
Reasoning:
Answer:
Explanation:
It can affect the intramolecular forces and change the enzyme's shape -- potentially to the point where it is rendered ineffective. With these effects in mind, typical enzymes have a pH range in which they perform optimally.
To study the ancient human past, archaeologists and physical anthropologists work with scientists in the field of ______ who study animal fossils.
According to the research, the correct option is paleontology. To study the ancient human past, archaeologists and physical anthropologists work with scientists in the field of paleontology who study animal fossils.
What is paleontology?It is the natural science that through the analysis of its fossil remains is in charge of studying the disappeared organic beings.
In this sense, it studies the reconstruction of extinct living beings and the knowledge of their origin and evolution, the relationships between them and their environment, their migrations, the processes of extinction and the fossilization of their remains.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is paleontology. To study the ancient human past, archaeologists and physical anthropologists work with scientists in the field of paleontology who study animal fossils.
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the infection-fighting cells that are produced by the immune system are manufactured in specific places around the body, for example, in the lymph nodes and the spleen. however, an infection can occur anywhere in the body. how do these infection-fighting cells manage to move around the body and get to the sites of infection?
Lymphocytes are the infection-fighting cells produced by the immune system and are carried around the body in the circulatory system.
Lymph nodes along with spleen produce lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are the defender cells that protect the body from being attacked by the invaders. There are generally two types of lymphocytes that help the immune system work efficiently. The two lymphocytes are known as T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.
When the body recognizes any antigen that may affect the body, the immune system gets activated and starts functioning. B cells trigger the production of antibodies, also called immunoglobulins. These antibodies bind with the antigen and invade them. T cells help the B cells to invade the antigens. T cells also send signals to other cells like phagocytes to engulf the killed antigens.
Although lymphocytes are produced by the lymph nodes and spleen, they are introduced into the bloodstream of the body. The blood in the circulatory system then transfers these cells to different body organs. Here they recognize the antigens, if any, and start responding.
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If you add helium to carbon you get oxygen.
What do you get if you add another helium nucleus, and then another?
Can you make the elements up to iron?
Helium could be successively added to make new elements until carbon were more nucleons can not be added due to increased nuclear forces.
What is nuclear fusion?The term nuclear fusion refers to the process in which the atoms of elements could be joined together. We know that elements could build up from helium all the way up to iron by the process of nuclear fusion. This is the way that elements were made in the universe from the beginning. Let us recall that nuclear fusion continues to occur in the sun and that is the way that the sun is able to produce light. There is a lot of evolution of heat that accompanies a nuclear fusion as we could see in stellar reactions.
Now if you add helium to carbon you get oxygen. When another helium atom is added, we get neon and if we add another helium atom, we get magnesium.
We could make elements up to iron because at that point, the nuclear forces would not permit the addition of more nucleons due to increase in nuclear forces.
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calcium activity dynamics correlate with neuronal phenotype at a single cell level and in a threshold-dependent
Calcium activity dynamics correlate with neuronal phenotype at a single cell level and in a threshold-dependent manner.
Briefing :Calcium is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that is essential in a variety of physiological functions. Recent research has revealed that calcium activity is highly important in vertebrate brain development. We wanted to see if calcium activity and neuronal phenotype are solely connected at the population level or at the level of single cells.
Why is it called threshold?This Old English word's origins are unknown, although it is thought to be linked to Old English threscan, from which we get the words thresh, which means "to extract seed from (a harvested plant) with a machine or instrument," and thrash, which means "to beat harshly with or as if with a stick or whip.
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Why is the transfer of energy in a food chain usually only about 10% efficient?
Answer:
Transfer of energy along food chain levels is only ten percent efficient because organisms have to use the majority of the energy they get to build themselves and run life-sustaining functions, such as breathing, reproduction, and movement. This leaves a low proportion of energy to pass on to the next level.
Explanation:
It is very simple to transfer energy along food chain levels is only ten percent efficient. You just have to use your wits and use that fat brain of yours and find out the answers.