Replicas are repetitions of the basic experiment to get better and more reliable results. 1) 20 pods. 2) 32 plants. 3) By using replicas the researcher gets more representative results, and the experiment is more reliable.
What is a replica in an experiment?When talking about replicas in an experiment, we refer to the repetition of the most simple basic element.
Having several replicas in an experiment let the researcher to get more precise results and obtain a better estimation of the experimental error.
The greater the numer of replicas the researcher includes in the experiment, the better and more precise will be the results.
In the exposed example,
Number of treatments: 5Number of pods per treatment: 4 (which means that 4 pods received the same type of soil).Number of plants per pod: 5 (which means that 20 plants grew in the same type of soil).1) What is the total number of pots used in this experiment?
Twenty pods in total. Four pods per soil treatment (4 x 5 = 20)
2) How many plants received each soil treatment?
Thirty two plants per treatment. Eight plant per pod (8 x 4 = 32)
3) Why multiple pots and plants were used for each treatment?
Because it provides more reliability to the experiment. These are replicas. They let the researcher know if the result at any of the pods was due to other factors or random chances. Using several pods per treatment increases the chances of getting real results. In this way, results are more representative of what really occurs in nature.
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Complete question,
The rhizosphere, the soil layer surrounding plant roots, is a complex community in which archaea, bacteria, fungi, and plants interact with one another.
After plants are attacked by fungal or bacterial pathogens, soil from the rhizosphere may protect plants from future attacks. Such protective soil is called disease-suppressive.
Researchers investigated whether microorganisms were responsible for the protective effects of disease-suppressive soils.
Disease-suppressive soil was obtained from an agricultural field in the Netherlands in which sugar beet crops had previously been attacked by a fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. Other soil was collected from the margin of the field.The researchers predicted that soil from the margin would not offer protection against pathogens.
The researchers then planted and raised sugar beets in greenhouses, using 5 different soil treatments,
each soil treatment was applied to 4 pots, and each pot contained 8 plants.The pots were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and placed in greenhouses kept at 20degree C with a 16-hour light: 8-hour dark cycle.
After 20 days, researchers determined the percentage of infected sugar beet seedlings for each soil treatment.
colchicine is a drug that causes microtubules to break apart (depolymerize). what effect would this drug have on anterograde transport? what would happen in the axon terminal?
Colchicine will affect anterograde transport because it will disintegrate the microtubules that will be the anterograde transport pathway. Then the material transport will not happen.
Why is the colchicine going to generate this in the axon?The vesicles that are at the axon terminal will move through the microtubules thanks to kinesin, a protein responsible for transporting materials dependent on ATP. When moving it will pass from the soma to the terminal and this will be the anterograde transport. When colchicine enters the system, the microtubule system will disintegrate, which will remove the transport pathway of the vesicles if it is applied to the axon, this will restrict the anterograde transport pathway.
So when this happens, what will happen is that the material generated by the neuron will accumulate in the soma and the material will not be transported. Even colchicine becomes toxic and kills the cell.
Therefore, we can confirm that colchicine will affect anterograde transport because it will disintegrate the microtubules that will be the anterograde transport pathway. Then the material transport will not happen.
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Describes long term ecological stability and human progress and defines whether a process can be continued indefinitely.
Sustainability describes long-term ecological stability and human progress and defines whether a process can be continued indefinitely.
This is because sustainability is a search for ecological stability and human progress that can last over the long term and this helps an eco system or process to be self-regenerating.
What is an Ecosystem?This refers to the biological community that has to do with the interaction of organisms and their immediate environment and surroundings.
Hence, we can see that Sustainability describes long-term ecological stability and human progress and defines whether a process can be continued indefinitely.
This is because sustainability is a search for ecological stability and human progress that can last over the long term and this helps an ecosystem or process to be self-regenerating.
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Describe three attributes of habitat patches that could affect population density and rates of immigration and emigration.
Three qualities are the size, quality, and isolation patches. A patch that is larger or of higher quality is much more likely to attract individuals and be a source of individual people for other patches. A patch that is largely isolated will interact with other patches less frequently.
How would you define population density?The number of members of the species in a given geographic area is called as population density. Data on population density can be used to quantify population data and determine how it relates to infrastructure, ecosystems, and human health.
What is the formula for population density?You must divide the population by the area's size to determine the population density. Population Density is therefore equal to the number of people divided by the land area. The unit of land area must be square kilometers or square miles.
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What are Zika virus risks
Answer:
serious birth defects and other pregnancy problems
Explanation:
hoped this helped bro
Answer: zika virus can cause severe defects in fetuses.
Explanation:
a misscence mutation is likely to effect it's primary secondary tertiary quaternary structure? question
A genetic change in which the genetic code is changed by a single base pair substitution, resulting in the production of an amino acid that differs from the typical amino acid at that site which further effect the primary secondary tertiary quaternary structure protein.
Some missense variations (or mutations) change how a protein functions.
Missense Mutation- A missense mutation is a Genetic alteration that causes the protein produced to encode a different amino acid at a specific location. Some missense mutations change how the resultant protein functions.
Amino Acid- Small chemicals known as amino acids serve as the foundation for proteins. For Example, Valine.
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An extreme change in pH alters enzyme activity because the --?
Answer:
The answer is a) pH of the environment changes the conformation of the enzyme.
Explanation:
A generic protein that is 387 amino acid residues long will have a molecular weight.
Answer:Estimates at 42570 daltons
Explanation:
Which food group covers half the plate providing dense sources of nutrients and phytochemicals?
The food group that covers half the plate providing dense sources of nutrients and phytochemicals is defined by Fruits and Vegetables.
What are nutrients and phytochemicals?Nutrients are specific chemical substances derived form daily diet (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins and fats). while phytochemicals are nutrients obtained from plant sources.
Phytochemicals have proved to be very useful chemical substances with roles as antioxidants for cells, thereby they are being increasingly used in medicine and nutrition.
In conclusion, the food group that covers half the plate providing dense sources of nutrients and phytochemicals is defined by fruits and Vegetables.
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A red carnation and a white carnation produce offspring that are all pink. the type of inheritance pattern occurring is:_____.
A red carnation and a white carnation produce offspring that are all pink. The type of inheritance pattern occurring is: incomplete dominance.
In the field of botany, to understand the mechanism of incomplete dominance, the botanists use Punnett square. The Punnett square predicts the breeding experiment's genotype. In this case, a red-flowering plant and a white-flowering plant are crossed.
The Punnett square used here produces heterozygous offspring with an intermediate trait of pink color, proving that no allele is dominant over the other. The two alleles are not expressed in such a way as to cover up the effect of the other allele; instead, the phenotype is intermediate between the two. Thus, the heterozygote produces pink flowers.
What exactly is Incomplete dominance ?
Incomplete dominance is a type of gene interaction in which both alleles of the same gene at the same locus are partially expressed, resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype. Incomplete dominance refers to the phenomenon in which two true-breeding parents cross to produce an intermediate offspring (also known as heterozygous).
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The primary transcript is ______ to the dna template strand. complementary antiparallel identical
The primary transcript is complementary antiparallel to the dna template strand.
What is a gene's primary transcript?The process by which the data in genes (DNA) is used to create RNA is known as transcription. Before becoming functional, the freshly created RNA, often referred to as the primary transcript (a transcript is the end result of transcription), or pre-mRNA, undergoes additional processing. The DNA-transcribed single-stranded RNA product known as a primary transcript is then processed to produce numerous mature RNA products like mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. In order to be ready for translation, the primary transcripts identified as mRNAs undergo modifications. An illustration of a primary transcript that undergoes processing to become a messenger RNA (mRNA) is a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA).Learn more about the Transcription with the help of the given link:
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Based on this data which method should department use it as the most economic effective and time-saving solution for the problem of soil erosion
By planting more and more trees, as the roots of the trees hold the soil in place for the problem of soil erosion.
Soil erosion is a sluggish process that takes place when the effect of water or wind detaches and removes soil debris, inflicting the soil to go to pot. Soil erosion and occasional water excellent due to erosion and floor runoff have come to be intense issues international.
Soil erosion is a obviously taking place system that influences all landforms. In agriculture, soil erosion refers to the wearing away of a discipline's topsoil via the natural physical forces of water and wind or thru forces associated with farming sports including tillage.
Soil erosion with the aid of Water Liquid water is the most important agent of erosion on the earth. Rain, rivers, floods, lakes, and the ocean deliver away bits of soil and sand and slowly wash away the sediment. Rainfall produces 4 styles of soil erosion: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion.
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Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection? a. In each individual, the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes. b. The behavior varies among individuals. c. An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed. d. Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited.
c. An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection
Can behaviours evolve by natural selection?Behavior, like morphology, can vary between individuals, be heritable, contribute to fitness, and thus be subject to natural selection evolution.
A behaviour that is at least partially under genetic influence can develop through natural selection. However, being controlled by genes is not the only requirement for natural selection to work. The person performing the behaviour must also have increased fitness as a result of the behaviour.
Natural selection requires four conditions to occur: reproduction, heredity, change in fitness or organisms, and diversity in individual characteristics among members of the population.
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After you exercise regularly for several months, your resting heart rate decreases, but your cardiac output at rest is unchanged. What other change in the function of your heart at rest could explain these findings?
Like any muscle, the heart gets stronger with regular exercise. It seems sense to assume that a stronger heart would have a larger stroke volume, enabling the heart rate to drop.
How does the heart's output alter while you exercise?That's probably because exercise makes the heart muscle stronger.. The muscles are receiving more oxygen as well. This indicates that the heart beats less often than it would in a non-athlete. During exercise, the cardiac output rises more than the total resistance falls, which typically causes the mean arterial pressure to slightly rise. However, due to an increase in the stroke volume and the rate at which the stroke volume is expelled, the pulse pressure significantly rises.
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You have just sequenced a new protein found in mice and observe that sulfur-containing cysteine amino acids occur at regular intervals. What is the significance of this finding in regards to tertiary structure?.
Answer:
Disulfide bridges, which aid in the formation of the protein's tertiary structure, require cysteine residues.
Explanation:
A singular peptide chain and protein secondary structural features make up a protein's three dimensional or tertiary structure. A protein's tertiary structure is controlled by side chain connections and bonding.
Disulfide bridges, which are created by cysteine, join the pieces of a polypeptide chain together. Regarding their fundamental structure, such fragments can frequently be found at great distances from one another. Therefore, a protein's three-dimensional form is its tertiary structure.
Disulfide bridges are crucial for keeping the protein's three-dimensional- dimensional or tertiary structure. In an oxidizing atmosphere, disulfide production is promoted, but in a reductive environment, this disulfide bridge might be destroyed.
WHAT MAKES CYSTEINE DIFFERENT?
since its side chain contains a highly reactive sulfhydryl component. As a result, cysteine occupies a unique location and cannot be taken by another amino acid because the disulfide bridges that cysteine residues create are a constant part of the core structure of proteins.
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Explain why a poison that inhibits an enzyme of the Calvin cycle will also inhibit the light reactions.
Which type of molecule are oils?
O proteín
carbohydrate
O
O lipid
O nucleic acid
What are some important biotic factors in the
Delta ecosystem?
Scientists studies the significance of abiotic versus biotic (meals supply) habitat features as drivers of delta smelt abundance and distribution.
Protective and coping with special reputation fish species requires an understanding in their ecology and habitat. Delta smelt is an annual fish species endemic solely to the euryhaline part of the San Francisco Estuary, California.
It's miles listed as a threatened species with the aid of the U.S. Fish and natural world service and as an endangered species through the country of California. Information the ecology of delta smelt is important to the management of California's water deliver. Delta smelt has gone through a considerable lengthy-term decline in abundance for the reason that Nineteen Sixties main to its listing even as water exported from the Bay-Delta.
Substances approximately 25 million people in California and a multi-billion greenback agricultural enterprise in California's significant Valley. handling water operations at the same time as protective delta smelt habitat is a key management goal within the estuary.
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The living things, including animals, that make up an ecosystem are referred to as biotic components. The members of the food web, or biotic components, in an ecosystem, depend on one another to survive. These living things interact with one another and have an impact on the ecosystem's health. The other species that live there make up the biotic components in an ecosystem. Depending on the type of creature, they might have different effects on different organisms. Predators, parasites, prey, symbionts, competitors, and parasites are examples of other organisms (biotic factors). The most significant biotic component in an ecosystem is a producer. Living creatures have an impact on environmental organisms either directly or indirectly. This covers the actual creatures as well as other living things, interactions between them, and even their trash.
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Propose an explanation for why people with defects in specific endocrine pathways typically have defects in the final gland in the pathway rather than in the hypothalamus or pituitary.
Endocrine functions are performed by the pituitary and hypothalamus. Diverse hormone pathways would be disrupted if these glands were disordered, particularly those that affect development or organs.
One endocrine system may only be affected by a specific condition, such as a mutation affecting a particular hormone receptor. A flaw in the ultimate gland function, however, would affect the pathway(s) in which that gland works.
A hormone receptor is either situated within or outside the cell membrane and receives information from a hormone in the hormone action pathways. The receptor will interpret the signals and launch biological or signaling processes that cause the target cell to react.
Maintaining homeostasis, or a stable internal environment, is one of the hypothalamus' many roles. The hypothalamus is referred to as the brain's control center since it regulates numerous key processes like blood pressure and hormone circulation.
Pituitary gland size is comparable to a pea. It is attached to the brain via a little stalk. The pituitary gland is known as the master gland because it controls a large number of hormone-producing organs, such as the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, and testicles.
The last gland to reach a destination, like a thyroid gland, does so. As a result, a variety of aberrant circumstances that impair gland function may only have a minor impact on a few channels.
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Which types of organisms developed first due to the early environmental conditions on Earth? Must use terms prokaryotic or eukaryotic and aerobic or anaerobic.
Answer:
Prokaryotic and anaerobic.
Explanation:
I answered the same question few days ago:)
Schmidt-Nielson calculated the swimming cost in a mallard duck and found that it was nearly 20 times as high as the swimming cost in a salmon of the same body mass. What could explain the greater swimming efficiency of salmon?
Salmon are superior swimmers than the mallard duck because they have a streamlined physique and are generally more adapted to swimming.
What is the reason for greater swimming efficiency of salmon ?When Schmidt-Nielson calculated the cost of swimming for a mallard duck, he found that it was around 20 times more expensive than swimming for a salmon of the same mass. Because of their streamlined body and higher overall swimming adaptation, salmon are more effective swimmers.
Their ability to maintain a streamlined body structure is beneficial to their survival. Salmon have streamlined bodies that make swimming through the water the least difficult for them.Learn more about Streamline body here:
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A patient has trouble with language and has paralysis on one side of the body. Which side would you expect to be paralyzed? Why?
The right side would be paralyzed. The patient might have injury in the frontal lobe and thus have developed speech defects and paralysis on right side of the body.
What is paralysis?Paralysis is the condition in which the function of the muscles is lost. The co-ordination between the brain and the muscles becomes weakened and thus there is loss of movement.
Paralysis can affect the whole body or it can partially affect the body. Paralysis can be on either side of the body.
Paralysis can be due to several reasons. Strokes, brain or spinal cord injury. Some autoimmune diseases are also responsible for paralysis.
The early signs of paralysis include slurry speech, weakness particularly in arms and legs, numbness or sudden muscular spams.
Paralysis has no permanent treatment. However, some less severe forms of paralysis can heal in a span of time while some can be managed through some physiotherapy sessions.
Thus, paralysis is a neuromuscular disorder.
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explain why two organisms cannot usually occupy the same niche for long
Answer:
The competitive exclusion principle tells us that two species can't have exactly the same niche in a habitat and stably coexist. That's because species with identical niches also have identical needs, which means they would compete for precisely the same resources.
Explanation:
Changes in Earth's climate at the end of the last ice age happened gradually, taking centuries to thousands of years. If the current global warming happens very quickly, as predicted, how may this rapid climate change affect the evolution of long-lived trees compared with that of annual plants, which have much shorter generation times?
A long-term change in local or worldwide climate patterns is known as climate change.
Climate change is frequently used to refer specifically to the increase in global temperatures that has occurred since the middle of the 20th century.The climate of a location refers to its long-term pattern of weather. The weather could alter hour by hour, day by day, month by month, or even year by year. However, distinct weather patterns do happen over intervals of 30 years or longer. A desert may have a rainy week, but on average, the area has very little precipitation. The weather is dry there. Climates are generally consistent, which allows living organisms to adapt to them. While cactus have evolved to hold onto water in dry regions, polar bears have adapted to stay warm in arctic environments. The wide range of temperatures on Earth is largely responsible for the huge variety of life that exists there.Learn more about the earth's climate change with the help of the given link:
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new developments in imaging for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
The goal of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), a diagnostic staging procedure, is to locate the main tumor's first draining lymph node (SLN). basin.
His routine SLNB procedure consists of peritumoral injection of a technetium-99m [99mTc]-labeled radiotracer followed by lymphoscintigraphy and his SPECT-CT imaging. Based on these imaging results, the identified SLNs are marked for surgical excision and undergo histopathological evaluation. A routine SLNB procedure has been shown to reliably stage clinically negative cervix in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, a notorious limitation occurs in situations where the SLN is in close proximity to the tracer injection site. In such cases, the injection site hotspot can obscure the adjacent SLN, making it difficult to distinguish between the tracer injection site and the SLN (shine-through phenomenon). Therefore, technical development is needed to bring the diagnostic accuracy of SLNB to higher levels in early OSCC. This review evaluates new SLNB imaging modalities for early-stage OSCC: MR lymphography, CT lymphography, PET lymphoscintigraphy, and contrast-enhanced lymphosonography. In addition, their reported diagnostic accuracies are described and their relative strengths, weaknesses and potential applications are outlined.
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If you could detect early-stage Alzheimer's disease, would you expect to see brain changes that were similar to, although less extensive than, those seen in patients who have died of this disease? Explain.
An opening for clinical trial participation: People who receive an early diagnosis are qualified for more clinical studies.
What changes in brain in Alzheimer's disease?As neurons are damaged and die throughout the brain in Alzheimer's disease, connections between networks of neurons may deteriorate, and many brain regions start to shrink.
This process, known as brain atrophy, is widespread by the time Alzheimer's is in its terminal stages and results in a considerable reduction of brain volume.
A person with Alzheimer's disease experiences numerous molecular and cellular alterations in their brain. After death, these modifications can be seen in the brain's tissue under a microscope.
Therefore, brain changes that were similar to, although less extensive than, those seen in patients who have died of this disease.
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mycotic thoracic aortic aneurysm: review of the diagnostic and therapeutic options steverlynck l, van de walle s
Mycotic thoracic aortic aneurysm is an aortic aneurysm due to infection.
What is a mycotic aortic aneurysm?A mycotic aortic aneurysm (MAA), also known as an infected aortic aneurysm, is an infection-related aortic aneurysm. The most prevalent cause of mycotic aortic aneurysm is microbial injection of the damaged aortic endothelium during bacteremia.
What causes mycotic aneurysm?Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent pathogen responsible for mycotic aneurysms today. Streptococcus, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Proteus, and Yersinia aneurysms have also been reported. Postoperative infection, septicemia, and, as previously said, endocarditis are all pathogenic processes.
Antibiotic therapy is used in conjunction with rigorous surgical debridement of contaminated tissue and, if necessary, vascular restoration. Endovascular therapies may have a role in the treatment of ruptured infected aneurysms and patients who are too sick for open surgery.
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_____ is the process of replacing some of the nutrients that were lost during a raw foods refinement.
Enrichment is the process of replacing some of the nutrients that were lost during a raw foods refinement.
Nutrients- The body requires nutrients for energy, building blocks, and the regulation of bodily functions. Based on biochemical characteristics, there are six main categories of nutrients: carbs, proteins, fats, water, vitamins, and minerals.
Biochemical characteristics- Chemical processes that support life and enable cell growth in living organisms.
Cell- The research of structure and function of cells is known as cell biology, and it is based on the idea that a cell is the basic building block of all life. A thorough grasp of the organisms and tissues that cells make up is made possible by concentrating on the cell.
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How can ecologists experimentally determine the factor that limits primary production in an ecosystem?
The ecologist can manipulate the nutrient supply to understand the factors that limit the growth of the primary producers.
Limiting elements in the ecosystem, such as temperature, moisture, nutrients, and light, have an impact on the primary producers' ability to generate food. When considering aquatic ecosystems, the phosphorus and nitrogen nutrient contents as well as light are limiting factors for primary production.
While in the terrestrial environment, primary production is also significantly influenced by temperature and moisture. The amount of phosphorus in the soil affects production rate as well, therefore an ecologist can measure production growth unless other parameters are constrained.
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Students are observing particles moving against the concentration gradient in a lab investigation. which type of transport are they observing? active transport passive transport facilitated diffusion osmosis
As the observation is that its against the concentration gradient its a active transport.
Active transport involves the movement of chemicals from a low-concentration location to a high-concentration area in opposition to the concentration gradient. Being "active" means that this process uses energy (usually in the form of ATP). Passive transport is in opposition to it
There are two types of active transport mechanisms. In primary active transport, molecules are moved across a membrane against their gradient directly using a chemical energy source (such as ATP). On the other hand, secondary active transport (cotransport) does not directly require a chemical source of energy like ATP since it leverages an electrochemical gradient created by active transport as an energy source to move molecules against their gradient.
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A loss of _______ causes a plant to wilt.
Answer:
Water
Explanation:
A plant needs to maintain moisture in its roots, therefore when it goes long periods of time without water, it wilts.