one of a botanist's hybridization experiments with peas yielded offspring with of those peas (or %) having yellow pods. according to genetic theory, 25% of the offspring peas should have yellow pods.
To test if the difference between the observed and the expected frequencies in a population, are significant or not, we use the X² test. This difference does not have statistical significance. The population is in H-W equilibrium.
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium theory that states that when a population is in equilibrium, allelic and genotypic frequencies remain the same though generations.
If the observed frequencies differ from the expected ones, propably this is because an evolutive force is going on.
However, this difference might also be related to random chances. So, statistical analysis must be done to determine if the differences between the observed and expected values are significant or not.
To do it, you perform a chi square test, X².
yellow pods green pods
Observed values 181 (26%) 523 (74%)
Expected values 176 (25%) 528 (75%)
(Obs - Exp)² / Exp 0.142 0.047
X² = Σ(Obs-Exp)²/Exp = 0.189
Degrees of freedom = n - 1 = 2 - 1 = 1
Table p value = 3.841
P₀.₀₅ > X²
3.841 > 0.189
P₀.₀₅ value is greater than X², so there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The locus in this population might be in equilibrium.
The difference between the observed and the expected values is not significant.
According to the genetic theory, 176 of the 104 peas would have yellow pods. The difference between the actual number of peas with yellow pods and the expected number of peas with yellow pods is 5 pea(s). This difference does not appear to be statistically significant.You can learn more about the H-W equilibrium and chi-square test at
https://brainly.com/question/25006087
https://brainly.com/question/16749509
#SPJ1
Complete question in the attached files
the arrangement of erythrocytes on this peripheral blood smear can be associated with each of the following conditions except:
The arrangement of erythrocytes on this peripheral blood smear can be associated with all conditions except cold agglutination disorders.
What are erythrocytes?Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes or RBCs, are biconcave, anucleate cells that contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and organs. Erythropoiesis, a process in the red bone marrow, is what creates them. Erythroid precursors generated from stem cells go through a number of morphological changes to become adult erythrocytes during this phase.
These fully developed RBCs are discharged into circulation, where they remain for 100 to 120 days. As you can see, erythrocytes are difficult to trick since they accurately represent your health over the previous three months. This is the rationale behind the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test that diabetics take to assess their blood glucose levels every three months.
Therefore, the arrangement of erythrocytes on this peripheral blood smear can be associated with all conditions except cold agglutination disorders.
Read more about erythrocytes, here
https://brainly.com/question/16794540
#SPJ4
hylacosmilus is a marsupial, and Smilodon is a mammal. Thylacosmilus and Smilodon both have saber teeth, but they do not share an ancestor that had saber teeth. What are saber teeth for these organisms?
Answer:
analogous structures
Explanation:
In biology, homologous structures refer to the structures that arose from a common ancestor, whereas analogous structures refer to the structures similar in function but do not have a common ancestor.
The analogous structure of Thylacosmilus and Smilodon can be explained as:
Thylacosmilus is a marsupial, which has saber teeth. The organism is extinct and the saber-toothed. The tooth of the marsupial was very long and represented as pointy fangs.
Smilodon belonged to the mammal group and is a group of extinct species. These animals also had saber tooth due to adaptations to the environment.
The saber tooth of marsupial and mammals might have the same functions, but they don't share the common ancestors.
Therefore, the correct answer is analogous structures.
How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the parachute-like structure carrying a seed shown on the first page of this chapter?
How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the parachute-like structure carrying a seed?
The ancestors of the dandelion plant may have shown differences in how well their seeds, which could travel farther, may have had less competition in reaching fertile soil. Maybe that's why they survived better and were able to produce more offspring. Over time, an increasingly higher proportion of individuals in the population would have adapted seed-attached parachute structures for seed dispersal.
What do you mean by natural selection?
In natural selection, those variations in the genotype (the entire complex of genes inherited from both parents) that increase the organism's chances of survival and reproduction are preserved and multiplied from generation to generation at the expense of less advantageous variations. Evolution often occurs as a result of this process. Natural selection can arise from differences in survival, fecundity, developmental rate, mating success, or any other aspect of the life cycle. All these differences lead to natural selection to the extent that they affect the number of offspring an organism leaves behind.To learn more about natural selection, refer to:
brainly.com/question/9830102
#SPJ4
During serum protein electrophoresis, antibodies primary migrate in the ________________ fraction.
During serum protein electrophoresis, antibodies primarily migrate in the alpha fraction.
What is serum protein electrophoresis?Patients with multiple myeloma as well as other serum protein problems are recognized by serum protein electrophoresis. Proteins are divided during electrophoresis according to their physical characteristics, and the subsets of these proteins are then utilized to interpret the results. In reaction to acute inflammation, cancer, trauma, necrosis, infarction, burns, and chemical damage, plasma protein levels alter in a generally predictable manner.
Monoclonal gammopathy is indicated by a homogenous spike-like peak in a concentrated area of the gamma-globulin zone. Multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, solitary plasmacytoma, smoldering multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, plasma cell leukemia, heavy chain disease, and amyloidosis are all examples of monoclonal gammopathies, which are linked to clonal processes that are malignant or potentially malignant.
Therefore, during protein electrophoresis, antibodies primarily migrate in the alpha fraction.
Read more about serum protein electrophoresis, here
https://brainly.com/question/4275361
#SPJ4
One hormone molecule can stimulate the synthesis of hundreds of enzyme molecules. what is this known as?
One hormone molecule can stimulate the synthesis of hundreds of enzyme molecules. This known as Signal amplification.
Endocrine signalling involves the secretion of signalling molecules (hormones) by specialised endocrine cells, which are then transported through the bloodstream to act on target cells in distal body regions.Through their binding to particular hormone receptors, hormones cause changes in target cells. In this approach, hormones affect just those cells that have the required receptors, even though they circulate throughout the body and come into touch with a variety of cell types.The signal produced when the probe molecule hybridises to the target nucleic acid sequence is increased or amplified through signal amplification. Specific detection, dynamic range, usability, and reproducibility are benefits of signal amplification techniques.To learn more about Signal amplification.
brainly.com/question/7983530
#SPJ4
Seaweed cover increased the most when both urchins and limpets were removed. How might you explain this result?
Only urchins were removed, which resulted in an increase in limpet population and decrease in seaweed cover.
Sea urchins and limpets both consume seaweed, making them competitors for it. The limpet population grows as a result of the urchin removal, having a greater impact on the amount of seaweed present.The biodiversity of these settings can be wiped out if seaweed builds up in bodies of water. This issue arises when there is an overabundance of algae, which, in search of additional food, proliferate aggressively and cause pollution. Additionally, life might end where there is pollution. Hedgehogs and limpets can play a significant role in this situation because they feed on seaweed, which helps to control the problem of its excessive profusion. A lot of research has been done to determine the value of these two species in preventing pollution brought on by the growth of seaweed. When the sea urchins and limpets were removed in the study mentioned in the question above, seaweed cover rose significantly more than when only the sea urchins were removed. This most likely occurred because the limpet population expanded and the amount of seaweed was reduced when only the hedgehogs were eliminated.Learn more about the Seaweed with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/10244123
#SPJ4
Using the data in the last two columns, calculate the mean ACTH concentration 30 minutes post-waking for the surprise protocol and compare to your answer for Question 3. What do your results suggest about a person's physiological response immediately after waking?
The correct answer is The consistency of the two ACTH concentrations shows that 30 minutes after awakening, the body regulates the ACTH level.
Corticotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland generate adrenocorticotropic hormone. Throughout the day, the circulation is subjected to a number of intermittent pulses.
The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands are three interrelated body regions that have an impact on the synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
When one wakes up, melatonin levels have peaked, cortisol levels have increased, the body temperature has normalized, and the mind is engrossed in their dreams. Increased melatonin levels during deep sleep strengthen the immune system, shield you from infections, and have potent anticancer properties.
The mean ACTH concentration at 30 minutes after awakening for the surprise procedure is 25.5 + 22.1 = 47.6 pg/mL. This level is quite comparable to the one found 30 minutes after awakening in the short procedure group (47.9 pg/mL).
It is possible to assume that the body raises the ACTH level to a set value by 30 minutes after awakening, regardless of what it was, given that the two groups' ACTH levels were varied upon waking but remarkably identical at that time.
To learn more about ACTH concentration refer the link:
https://brainly.com/question/14869281
#SPJ4
If sds-page were used for a pure sample of this protein that was preincubated with mercaptoethanol, then there would be?
If sds-page were used for a pure sample of this protein that was preincubated with mercaptoethanol, then there would be two bands expected.
The sds-page stands for the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that is a discontinuous electrophoretic system. It is used to obtain the high resolution separation of the complex mixtures of the proteins.
The sds-page allows the protein separation on the basis of their mass, and their medium is known as matrix which is consists of polyacrylamide based discontinuous gel. In this method the charged molecules migrated to the electrode with the opposite sign when placed in electric field.
To learn more about electrophoresis here
brainly.com/question/13949940
#SPJ4
A company is like a body with guts, a heart, and a nervous system. ________ is the nervous system, concerned with business signals and recording facts and processing them
Answer:
Information Management
What is the likelihood of a person developing schizophrenia if the disorder affects his or her fraternal twin? How would the likelihood change if DNA sequencing revealed that the twins shared the genetic variants that contribute to the disorder?
Instead, they discovered that if one fraternal, or dizygotic, twin developed schizophrenia, the other twin had a 17% chance of developing it as well. This is significantly lower than the 48% for identical twins.
What is schizophrenia?Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people have an abnormal interpretation of reality.
Schizophrenia can cause hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that interferes with daily functioning and can be disabling. Schizophrenia patients must be treated for the rest of their lives.
Deletions or duplications of genetic material in any of several chromosomes are also thought to increase the risk of schizophrenia.
A small deletion (microdeletion) on chromosome 22 called 22q11, in particular, may be involved in a small percentage of cases of schizophrenia.
Thus, this is the likelihood of a person developing schizophrenia if the disorder affects his or her fraternal twin.
For more details regarding schizophrenia, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28345800
#SPJ4
The density of the material will ___ when thermal energy is added to it.
Answer:
the unit used for measuring the heat.
Explanation:
depending on the work your doing it's D/4
A chemoheterotroph obtains its energy from __________ and its carbon from __________ sources.
A chemoheterotroph obtains its energy from redox reactions and its carbon from organic sources.
Chemoheterotrophs are the class of organisms that use redox reactions as the source of energy but do not have the luxury of producing their own carbon so they depend on other organisms that have the ability to produce organic compounds.
Redox reactions are those types of reactions that are also entitled oxidation-reduction reactions in which electrons are shifted between two molecules resulting in a change in their oxidation state. Redox reactions produce energy as a result of the transfer of electrons which lose latent energy while being transferred. Redox reactions depend on pyridine nucleotides to provide the reducing power for the reaction.
Chemoheterotrophs have to depend on organic compounds such as carbohydrates and lipids to fulfill their carbon requirements.
To learn more about redox reactions, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/21851295
#SPJ4
What type of bonds occur in tertiary and quaternary structures to cause a ""globular"" look?.
Hydrogen bonds occur in tertiary and quaternary structures to cause a "globular" look.
Hydrogen bonds- The attraction between an electronegative atom nearby and a partly positively charged hydrogen atom linked to a strongly electronegative atom (such nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine). An contact between two separate molecules is referred to as intermolecular.
Tertiary Structure- Tertiary structure is the folding of the secondary structure into distinct arrangements known as domains. This occurs spontaneously in cells in one to several seconds and is driven by the properties of the amino acid side chains.
Quaternary Structure- A protein's quaternary structure is formed when many protein chains or subunits come together in a compact configuration.
To know more about the Hydrogen bond, click on the below link
https://brainly.com/question/10904296
#SPJ4
which protein of the electron transport chain does not pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix?
Complex II protein is unique in another important way. Unlike Complexes I, III, and IV, it takes part in the electron transport chain but does not actively pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
here The mitochondrial inner membrane has a unique composition of proteins and phospholipids, whose interdependence is crucial for mitochondrial function.It is highly enriched in proteins specific to this membrane, the majority of which are encoded by the nuclear genome and imported from the cytosol.here Complex II is comprised of two hydrophilic proteins, flavoprotein (Fp) and iron-sulfur protein (Ip), and two transmembrane proteins (CybL and CybS), as well as prosthetic groups required for electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinone.
to know more about phospholipids click here
brainly.com/question/20561742
#SPJ1
Do you think there is a connection between the properties of
water and the fact that the pH of pure water is a neutral 7?
What do you think that connection is?
with 7 representing neutrality. pH levels below 7 indicate acidity, whereas values of ph above 7 suggest baseness. The pH of the water is a crucial indicator of the purity of the water.
What's the short definition of pH?The scale runs from 0 to 14, with 7 standing in for neutrality. pH levels below 7 indicate acidity, whereas values of ph above 7 suggest baseness. The pH scale actually counts the amount of free hydroxyl and hydrogen ions present in water.
What is pH, and why does it matter?The biological processes that occur, how microorganisms behave, and how chemicals behave can all be affected by pH.
To know more about pH visit:
https://brainly.com/question/8834103
#SPJ9
During leaf development, the meristem tissue divides __, producing one daughter cell that is just like the mother and another cell that differentiates into guard cell precursors.
Answer: Asymmetrically
biological evolution is defined as group of answer choices change in the properties of organisms over the course of development. directed change of organisms towards greater complexity. change in the properties of groups of organisms over the course of generations. random mutations and natural selection.
Biological evolution is defined as: change in the properties of organisms over the course of development.
Evolution is the phenomenon of change in the genotype or phenotype of an organism over the course of time. The result of evolution can be a new species or the same species with new characteristics. Evolution makes the organisms survive better in the changing environment.
Development is the progressive growth of an organism. The change in shape, size, and functions of the organism determine its growth. Change in mass is not a criteria for development. The change of a zygote into a completely mature organism can be considered as an example of development.
To know more about evolution, here
brainly.com/question/2725702
#SPJ4
Contrast the light-detecting organs of planarians and flies. How is each organ adaptive for the lifestyle of the animal?
Ocelli on planarians can detect the brightness as well as direction of light but cannot create images. Fly eyes are complex, create mosaic images, and are very good at detecting movement.
Who are planarians?The conventional class Turbellaria includes a variety of flatworms, including planarians. This popular name is also applied to a large variety of free-living Platyhelminthes, but it most frequently refers to flatworms of something like the order Triclad Ida.
Flatworms' responses to light are what?For instance, a flatworm might turn toward the eye that isn't stimulated when its eyes sense light. This implies that a flatworm will travel away from light and into darkness.
What do light-detecting organs do?In the eyes of vertebrates, there are two different classes of light-sensing cells called rod and cone photoreceptors. Cones respond to strong light therefore mediate color vision, but rods are particularly sensitive to low light and operate in that environment [4, 5].
To know more about light-sensing cells visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14134969
#SPJ4
Which of these best demonstrates mutualism between certain types of bacteria and humans
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
Mutualism is defined as a relationship where both parties receive some benefit. The bacteria obtains nutrients from the gut and the humans obtain vitamin K.
Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were a. totipotent. b. determined. c. differentiated. d. mesenchymal.
Nervous system tissues can be created by transplanting cells from a frog embryo's neural tube to the ventral region of another embryo. This outcome demonstrates the differentiation of the transplanted cells.
The formation of nerve tissues begins with the neutral tube. As a result, when the transplanted cells were placed in another embryo, they developed into nerve tissues.
Tadpoles with undifferentiated gonads can undergo male-to-female or female-to-male sex reversal depending on whether they are exposed to estrogen or androgen. These results imply that sex steroid hormones play significant roles in the development of early sex differentiation. Some frog species exhibit sexually dimorphic expression of the androgen- and estrogen-synthesizing genes Cyp19a1 and Cyp17a1 in the early stages of gonad differentiation. The X. laevis'mass-in-line' structure, made up of cyp17a1/cyp19a1-expressing cells, plays a role in the creation of the ovarian cavity.
Learn more about frogs here:
https://brainly.com/question/873641
#SPJ4
Review the definition of exaptation in Concept 25.6. Summarize the process by which exaptation occurs and explain how the incorporation of the articular and quadrate bones into the mammalian inner ear is an example.
Exaptation may be defined as a characteristic that is present in an organism or set of organisms that develops a new function or role that differs from its original function as a result of the process of evolution such as the role of feathers in birds.
For instance, the malleus and incus, two novel bones in the middle ear of mammals, are analogous to the quadrate and articular bones. The primary jaw joint's incorporation with the mammalian middle ear required the emergence of a novel technique of upper and lower jaw articulation. Thus, the two elements came together to create the distinctive mammalian cranium.
To know more about exaptation
https://brainly.com/question/15465392
#SPJ1
Replacement of dead tissue cells with connective tissue cells is a process called?
Regeneration is a sort of healing when new growth entirely transforms injured tissue sections back to their pre-damage state.
What is regeneration of connective tissue cells?After being destroyed, cells and tissues can be repaired via connective tissue or by parenchymal regeneration and replaced with healthy cells. Granulation tissue development is the first step in connective tissue repair.
Regeneration is a natural process that occurs in both plants and animals to replace or bring back to full function cells, tissues, organs, and even complete body parts.
The most sensible and efficient treatment for both the primary degenerative effects (secondary ligament damage) and their underlying cause (ligament damage).
Therefore, regeneration is a process in which replacement of dead tissue cells with connective tissue cells.
Learn more about regeneration here:
https://brainly.com/question/10092538
#SPJ4
Which statement about gravitational attraction is correct?(1 point)
All objects on Earth experience the same gravitational attraction.
All objects on Earth experience the same gravitational attraction.
All objects with mass experience gravitational attraction.
All objects with mass experience gravitational attraction.
Objects with greater volume have a greater gravitational attraction.
Objects with greater volume have a greater gravitational attraction.
Objects in space will not have any gravitational attraction.
Objects in space will not have any gravitational attraction.
The statement that is correct about gravitational attraction is:
"All objects with mass experience gravitational attraction."
The magnitude of this gravitational attraction depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them.
What is Magnitude?
In physics, magnitude refers to the size or amount of a quantity, such as force, velocity, acceleration, or any other physical quantity. It can be thought of as the numerical value or intensity of a physical quantity, and it is often represented by a scalar value, which means it has only magnitude and no direction.
This statement is a fundamental law of physics, known as Newton's law of universal gravitation. It states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
Learn more about Magnitude from the given link
https://brainly.com/question/30337362
#SPJ1
Who developed the culturing technique to enrich for a certain population of microbial cells from a complex community based on a particular metabolic phenotype of interest?
The one who developed the culturing technique to enrich for a certain population of microbial cells from a complex community based on a particular metabolic phenotype of interest is Martinus Beijerinck. The correct option is C.
What is culturing technique?Culture methods involve collecting samples from the field and culturing them to detect the presence of microbes.
The number of microbial species and their influence on corrosion are estimated. Culture media for various microbes have been established.
Culturing is simply the process of growing microorganisms in special media in the laboratory. It entails the preparation of sterile medium, as well as the inoculation, incubation, and examination of microorganisms.
Martinus Beijerinck invented the technique for enriching a specific population of microbial cells from a complex community based on a specific metabolic phenotype of interest.
Thus, the correct option is C.
For more details regarding culturing technique, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/27865878
#SPJ1
Your question seems incomplete, the missing options are:
A. Frederick Griffith
B. Joseph Lister
C. Martinus Beijerinck
D. Sergei Winogradsky
How is the action of epinephrine on blood flow to muscles in the fight-orflight response similar to the action of the plant hormone auxin in apical dominance (see Concept 39.2)?
The correct answer is The two hormones have opposing actions on various target tissues. Epinephrine increases blood flow to skeletal muscles and decreases blood flow to smooth muscles in the digestive system during the flight or flight reaction. Auxin encourages the growth of apical buds while inhibiting the growth of lateral buds in order to achieve apical dominance.
The adrenal glands and adrenergic neurons produce epinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter that is generally referred to as adrenaline. Two hormones generated by the adrenal medulla—epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine—start the body's fight-or-flight response (norepinephrine).
The airways open up as a result of the adrenaline reaction, giving the muscles the oxygen they require to fight or flee danger. Auxin, on the other hand, induces apical dominance, which is when a shoot's suppresses the growth of lateral buds to enable vertical growth.
To learn more about Epinephrine refer the link:
https://brainly.com/question/13887971
#SPJ4
Why is the transfer of energy in an ecosystem referred to as energy flow, not energy cycling?
The transfer of energy in an ecosystem referred to as energy flow, not energy cycling because it is not recycled within the ecosystem and flows from one form to another.
What is Energy?This is defined as the ability to do work and usually causes different types of changes in a biological system and examples include chemical energy, heat energy etc.
Energy passes through an ecosystem by entering as sunlight through their absorption by plants during the process of photosynthesis and leaves as heat through various metabolic processes and doesn't involve any recycling within the ecosystem which is why it is referred to as energy flow.
Read more about Energy here https://brainly.com/question/5650115
#SPJ4
which individual compared r rna sequences to generate the tree of life, establishing the three-domain system? group of answer choices robert hooke frederick griffith robert koch carl woese
Carl Woese compared rRNA sequences to generate the tree of life, establishing the three-domain system.
The tree of life is a concept that has been around for centuries. It is a way of representing the relationships between all living things. In the past, the tree of life was used to show the relationships between different plants and animals. However, Carl Woese changed all that.
In the 1970s, Woese began to compare the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of different organisms. He found that there were three major groups of life, which he called the three domains. These domains are bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.
Woese's discovery was groundbreaking. It established the three-domain system, which is still used today. His work also showed that life is incredibly diverse. There are millions of different species on Earth, and each one has its own place in the tree of life.
Learn more on three-domain system here:
https://brainly.com/question/2941608
#SPJ4
What is the raised groove formed on the dorsal side of the two-layered embryonic disc?
Primary streak is the raised groove formed on the dorsal side of the two-layered embryonic disc.
Primary streak is fashioned on the dorsal facet of embryonic disc around fifteenth day of life and is answerable for the formation of notochord and the 1/3 germ layer namely mesoderm. The notochord is shaped through the addition of cells to its caudal cease because the primitive streak degenerates.
The germ layers expand early in embryonic existence, thru the device of gastrulation. for the duration of gastrulation, a hollow cluster of cells called a blastula reorganizes into number one germ layers: an internal layer, called endoderm, and an outer layer, called ectoderm.
The chorion is a membrane enclosing the chorionic hollow space and paperwork from trophoblast cells and extraembryonic somatic mesoderm. The connecting stalk connects the embryo and yolk sac to the chorion and suspends them inside the chorionic sac.
Learn more about Primary streak here:- https://brainly.com/question/28199648
#SPJ4
How many seconds are in half an hour?
Answer:
1800
Explanation:
60*30=1800
Hope this helps!