A target cell's response to a single hormone molecule result in a response that affects a million other molecules is through cascade cell signal transduction.
This pattern is common in signal transduction circuits. Transmission is maintained by a series of metabolic changes within the cell or by modifying the cell membrane potential through ion migration in and out of the cell. Receptors that trigger biochemical changes can do so either directly through intrinsic enzymatic activity inside the receptor or indirectly through the activation of intracellular messenger molecules.
One ion or molecule may activate several molecules in the following phase of a cascade of consecutive activations at each step. This amplifies the response at each stage, resulting in a significant amplification of the original signal.
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The process of ___ encompasses the journey of broken down food particles from the digestive tract to all body cells.
The process of absorption encompasses the journey of breaking down food particles from the digestive tract to all body cells.
The easy molecules that cease result from chemical digestion pass through cellular membranes of the liner within the small gut into the blood or lymph capillaries. This approach is referred to as absorption. intake, mechanical and chemical degradation of meals, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of indigestible food.
Digestion is the system by way of which food and drinks are broken down into their smallest elements so the frame can use them to build and nourish cells and offer energy. Assimilation is the motion of digested meals molecules into the cells of the frame wherein they will be used. digestion is a sequence by using which food are damaged down and chemically converted in order that they may be absorbed thru the cells of an organism and used to keep important physical features.
Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete question.
The process of ___ encompasses the journey of broken down food particles from the digestive tract to all body cells.
a. absorbtion
b. respiration
c. excretion
d. none of these
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Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are nucleotides that make up ______.
Answer:
DNA
Explanation:
All of these nucleotide's are all found in DNA.
According to Hobbes, why do humans participate in a social contract? Check all that apply.
What type of stain is a gram stain?
a. simple
b. differential
c. negative
d. specific
Gram stain is a type of differential stain.
Differential staining is a type of staining that is used to distinguish different types of microorganisms by differentiating their characteristics or composition. Therefore, gram stain is considered a type of differential staining since it uses two types of stains to distinguish gram-positive organisms from gram-negative organisms. These stains are crystal violet and safranin stains.
In contrast to differential staining, simple staining is used just to study the features of a particular bacteria and cannot be used for distinguishing purposes.
Negative staining also cannot be used for differentiating purposes as it can just be used to analyze the morphological features of cells that cannot be stained easily.
Another factor that differentiates gram stain from other staining techniques is that it uses two stains while other techniques only use one type of stain.
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Using Figure 17.5 , identify a 5' → 3 ' sequence of nucleotides in the DNA template strand for an mRNA coding for the polypeptide sequence Phe-Pro-lys. a. 5'-UUUGGGAAA-3' b. 5 '-GAACCCCTT-3' c. 5 '-CTTCGGGAA-3' d. 5 '-AAACCCUUU-3
Answer: 5′-CTTCGGGAA-3′
Explanation:
How does the cell theory contribute to understanding cell organization (cite the info)
Answer:
The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the role of cells in living things. It is important because it lays the foundation for scientists' understanding of cells and sets the distinction between living and non-living things.
Cells are the basic unit (or building block) of life.2. All living things are made of cells.3. Cells come from other cells.
Explanation:
Perforating canals connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to what other structures?
Perforating canals connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the Haversian canal.
Haversian canals supply blood to mature, dense bones. Individual lamellae form concentric rings that surround larger longitudinal canals (~50 µm in diameter) within the bony tissue, leading to the formation of Haversian canals. Haversian canals typically run along the long axis of the bone and are parallel to the surface. The canals and their surrounding lamellae (8-15) are called the Haversian system or osteon.Haversian canals often have one or two capillaries and nerve fibers. In addition to communicating with osteocytes in the lacunae (areas within the dense bone matrix that house living bone cells) via canaliculi, Haversian canals also surround nerve cells throughout the bone. This particular configuration makes it easy to preserve the deposits of mineral salts that give the bone tissue its tensile strength.Therefore, the correct answer is haversian canal.
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Pathogenic microbial agents include bacteria, worms, protozoa, viruses, fungi, and heavy metals.
a. true
b. false
The statement that “ pathogenic microbial agents include bacteria, worms, protozoa, viruses, fungi, and heavy metals ” is false.
Pathogens are microscopic organisms that have the ability to enter the body and can be a source of disease for the body. It includes tiny living organisms which are not visible to the normal eye. As the pathogens definition includes only living organisms therefore heavy metals are not included in the group of pathogens while bacteria, worms, protozoa, viruses, and fungi are considered to be pathogens since they are living organisms and have the ability to penetrate into hosts and can cause a disease or illness.
However, if the levels of heavy metals are too high in the body, they can be dangerous for the body as they have an adverse effect on many different organs.
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Thinking about our nutritional needs and feeding behavior, propose an evolutionary explanation for why amylase, unlike other digestive enzymes, is secreted into the mouth.
Salivary glands secrete amylase, which causes starch to break down into maltose in the mouth. As a result, the adaptation to find food sources that provide rapid energy is salivary amylase secretion.
Three pairs of salivary glands are the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual. Saliva is a viscous fluid that is produced by salivary glands. Saliva contains two enzymes called salivary amylase and lysozyme.Salivary amylase detects maltose by dissolving starch. As a result, the mouth is where carbohydrate digestion starts. The antimicrobial and antibacterial characteristics of lysozyme.Starch-containing food molecules have long been important parts of the human diet. The amylase enzyme (AMY) genes are heavily selected in every generation due to the high sugar content of the human diet.The pancreas and salivary glands both express these genes. Since sugar molecules supply more immediate energy than protein and fat, the presence of amylase in the saliva facilitates the quickest possible digestion of these molecules. The use of foods high in starch has led to the development of the adaption.Learn more about the Human digestive system with the help of the given link:
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speciation occurs when: any two mutations become fixed differences between two populations. two populations become physically separated from each other. partial reproductive isolation between two populations is achieved. two populations become reproductively isolated from one another. all deleterious mutations have been eliminated from two populations.
Speciation occurs when two populations become reproductively isolated from one another.
In the middle of the 20th century, Ernst Mayr gave the biological concept of species.
According to the biological concept of species, a species is defined as a group of individuals who can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
Two groups of individuals are considered different species if they cannot interbreed to produce fertile offsprings i.e, they are reproductively isolated from one another
Generally, speciation occurs due to mutations.
Mutations are large differences that arise suddenly in a population.
These mutations keep on accumulating and due to this reason, a group of individuals become different from their species and lead to the creation of a new, different species.
Hence, speciation occurs when two populations become reproductively isolated from one another.\
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coupled scrna-seq and intracellular protein activity reveal an immunosuppressive role of trem2 in cancer
Coupled scrna-seq and intracellular protein activity reveal an immunosuppressive role of trem2 in cancer regulatory myeloid cells.
Integration of signalling, epigenetic, transcriptional, and metabolic pathways controls cell activity and function. Here, we present INs-seq, a combined method for massively parallel recording of intracellular protein activity and single-cell RNA sequencing. By assessing various intracellular signs of immunological signalling, transcription factor combinations, and metabolic activity, we show the broad applicability of INs-seq for identifying new immune subsets. Discovery of novel Arg1+ Trem2+ regulatory myeloid cells and identification of markers, metabolic activity, and pathways associated with these cells are the results of thorough mapping of Arginase 1-expressing cells within tumour models, a metabolic immune signature indicating suppressive activity.To learn more about cancer.
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what are reactants in a chemical reaction?
Answer:
The substances that go into a chemical reaction
Explanation:
Why doesn’t it matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E? What would it take to increase the rate of enzyme activity?
It does not matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E due to the no substrate on which the enzyme act.
Why doesn’t it matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E?It does not matter if enzymes is added to graph E because there is no increase occur in the graph's slope due to limited amount of substrate. If more substrate is added then the enzyme is continuously added and the rate of activity or chemical reaction is also increases.
What would it take to increase the rate of enzyme activity?It would take more substrate in order to increase the rate of enzyme activity because enzyme act as catalyst that is responsible for increasing the rate or speed of the chemical reaction. More substrate means more enzyme activity.
So we can conclude that it does not matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E due to the no substrate on which the enzyme act.
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among organisms such as humans, groups of cells with similar functions make up tissues.
Among multicellular organisms such as humans, groups of cells with similar functions make up tissues.
What is multicellular and unicellular?Unicellular creatures are composed of only one cell that performs all of the organism's tasks, whereas multicellular organisms need many cellular components to function. Bacteria, protists, and yeast are examples of unicellular creatures.
Multicellular organisms :In contrary to a unicellular creature, a multicellular organism is made up of more than one cell. A multicellular organism is one made up of many cells that are interconnected and independent to variable degrees. Humans, animals, and plants are examples of multicellular creatures.
What are the characteristics of multicellular organisms?The fact that multicellular creatures contain numerous cells is their greatest distinguishing feature. Such cells are specialized and perform several roles to aid the organism.
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The relative lengths of the frog and mouse branches in the phylogenetic tree in Figure 26.13 indicate that ]a. frogs evolved before mice. b. mice evolved before frogs. c. the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice. d. the homolog has evolved more slowly in mice.
The phylogenetic tree expresses the relationship between different taxa and how different homolog groups evolved. The correct option is c). the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice.
What is a phylogenetic tree?
Phylogenetic trees are graphic representations that express the evolutive process through which several groups -taxa- emerged through history.
The phylogenetic tree is composed of
Root ⇒ It represents the oldest common ancestorNodes ⇒ Divergence point in which single taxa differentiate or diverge. These nodes are the most recent common ancestor of the new diverging groups.Branches ⇒ The extremes of branches represent taxonomic groups or lineages.All the taxa in the tree share a far common ancestor. New traits emerge through history that drives the evolution of new lineages. These traits might be either morphological or molecular.
Two taxonomic groups are more related if they have a recent common ancestor. There are fewer differences (morphological or molecular) between these two groups.
On the other hand, two lineages will be less related if their common ancestor is not a recent one and is located far away in the tree. Several differences exist between these groups because many changes occurred in the middle.
Two groups are homologous when they have a common recent ancestor, even when one of the groups evolved into new groups later in time.
In the exposed example, the frog is homologous to the group composed of chicken, human, and mouse. They share a common ancestor.
The homolog evolved into different new groups, while frogs remain the same.
The correct option is c). the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice.
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Each subject was given a different protocol on each of the three nights, and the order of the protocols was varied among the subjects that so that one third had each protocol each night. What factors were the researchers attempting to control for with this approach?
The correct answer is A fresh therapy was given to a subject every night. One-third of the individuals underwent a procedure each night after the researchers switched up the order of the treatments.
The goal of the study was to reduce biases brought on by differences in the night environment or treatment order.
The study, which examined the levels of ACTH in the human body during both spontaneous and induced awakening techniques, involved 20 subjects. To measure the level of ACTH, blood samples were examined in a lab.
ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland found close to the base of the brain. Cortisol, a different hormone, is controlled by ACTH. Cortisol is made by the two tiny adrenal glands, which are situated above the kidneys.
Stress and disease are aided by the hormone cortisol.
Each participant in the experiment was asked to follow a unique controlled protocol. First, the anticipated waking time for the lengthy protocol was 9 a.m., which was close to the actual waking time.
Briefly, the anticipated wake call was at 6 a.m., which was close to the actual waking time.
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what grow larger as they move toward the ocean.
A. Trees
B. Clouds
C. Lakes
D. Rivers
According to the ______ species concept, a species is a groups of populations whose members have the potentional to interbreed
According to the biological species concept, a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed.
In the field of biology, a species can be described as organisms that can interbreed in order to form fertile offspring. 'Species' is a classification group in the taxonomic classification system and it lies below the taxa of 'genus'.
In the biological species concept, the species that are living together in a particular area at a particular time are referred to as a population. A population of species interacts with the biotic and abiotic factors of its ecosystem. In the biological concept, the more the species is adapted to an ecosystem, the more are its chances of survival.
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According to Hamilton's rule, a. natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist. b. natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. c. natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling. d. the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals.
The correct option is (b) natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist.
Kin selection is the reproductive success of an organism's colony as a result of the individual organism's altruistic conduct. The term "inclusive fitness" is used. An organism sacrifices its life to ensure the survival of its colony in this sort of natural selection. Altruistic conduct is favored by natural selection in organisms, which is advantageous for the entire colony.At the group level, altruistic behavior is favorable. Any population that has evolved toward altruism is willing to sacrifice itself for the good of the whole. Altruistic behavior might develop as a result of the group's improved relative fitness.Altruism is therefore favored by natural selection for the benefit of the group even though it can cost the individual their life. As a result, the assertion is accurate.
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which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?
The process that is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers is B Nitrogen fixation. In this case, nitrifying bacteria or lighting converts atmospheric nitrogen N2N2 to ammonia
What is nitrogen fixation?The process by which nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere's molecular form (N2) and transformed into nitrogen compounds helpful for other biological processes is known as nitrogen fixing. Fixation may be brought on by industrial, biological, or atmospheric (lightning) activities.
Any natural or artificial process known as nitrogen fixation causes free nitrogen (N2), a relatively inert gas present in large quantities in the atmosphere, to chemically interact with other elements to generate more reactive nitrogen compounds like ammonia, nitrates, or nitrites. carbon cycle.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?
A Nitrogen assimilation
B Nitrogen fixation
C Photosynthesis
D Weathering
Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? a. limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount b. influence of temperature on competition among plants c. influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers d. effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
Effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community and is denoted as option D.
What is Top-down control ?This is a biological term which is used to describe how predation by higher trophic levels will affect the accumulation of biomass at lower trophic levels.
The predators commonly found in grassland communities are herbivores such as bison which graze and feed on grasses so as to ensure they survive in the ecosystem. Their grazing intensity affects the availability of biomass such as plant species.
This is therefore the reason why option D was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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the neurotransmitter is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. the degeneration of these neurons results in disease.
The neurotransmitter dopamine is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. The degeneration of these neurons results in Parkinson disease.
What is Parkinson's disease?Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease in which movement is affected. This happens because the nerve cells do not produce enough dopamine. Parkinson's symptoms begin gradually with tremors in the hands, arms, legs, slowness of movement with balance and coordination problems. As time goes by, these problems begin to worsen until they disable the individual from simple skills.
This disease usually appears in old age around 60 years old, it is more common in men and it is not a disease that has a cure but if there are medications that can improve the symptoms, even surgery or stimulation can be given in severe cases in the brain.
Therefore, we can confirm that the neurotransmitter dopamine is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. The degeneration of these neurons results in Parkinson disease.
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Please help me on this
Give me 3 things
Answer:
dinosaurs, the bottom of the ocean, or atoms and molecules.
droin c, kholtei je, bahar halpern k, hurni c et al. space-time logic of liver gene expression at sub-lobular scale. nat metab 2021 jan;3(1):43-58. pmid: 33432202
The center of systemic metabolic balance is the mammalian liver. Hepatocytes operate in repeated lobules in the spatially organized liver tissue, and sub-lobule zones have specific tasks.
The interaction of the circadian clock, internal signals, and food rhythms controls the liver's broad temporal regulation. However, liver chronobiology has previously been examined at the tissue level, and hepatic zonation has been examined as a static phenomenon.Here, we study the interaction between gene regulation in space and time using single-cell RNA-seq. We discover that numerous genes in the liver are both zonated and rhythmic, and majority of them exhibit multiplicative space-time effects using mixed-effect models of messenger RNA expression and smFISH validations.These dual-regulated genes span important hepatic processes like lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism as well as previously unrecognized activities involving protein chaperones. Our findings further imply that rhythmically generated Wnt ligands from non-parenchymal cells close to the central vein could account for the rhythmic and localized expression of Wnt targets. The liver clock is resistant to zonation, as evidenced by the expression of core circadian clock genes in a non-zoned manner. Our scRNA-seq data shows how liver function is spatially and temporally partitioned at the sub-lobular scale.To learn more about mammalian liver visit:
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Which statement forms part of cell theory?
Answer:
all living things are composed of one or more cells
Explanation:
Which three statements accurately describe the blood buffering system in humans?
Answer:
Following three statements accurately describe the blood buffering system in humans.
Explanation:
1) The first statement about the buffering blood system is that enzyme carbonic anhydrase helps the buffering system by converting carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, which ionizes forms bicarbonate and H+.
2) The second statement about the H2CO3 is a conjugate acid in this situation, although HCO3- is indeed a conjugate base.
3) The third statement about the blood buffering mechanism is that it keeps the blood's pH level close to 7.4.
The bicarbonate ions neutralise the hydronium ions whenever an acidic material reaches the blood, creating carbonic water and acid. Obviously, blood's buffering mechanism includes carbonic acid. The removal of hydronium ions as a result prevents the blood's pH of becoming acidic.
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I will give brainliest to whoever is correct please! :)
Why are the four macromolecules important to living organisms?
Answer:
Explanation:
For example, macromolecules provide structural support, a source of stored fuel, the ability to store and retrieve genetic information, and the ability to speed biochemical reactions. Four major types of macromolecules—proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids—play these important roles in the life of a cell.
Answer:
Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates , Lipid, Protein
Explanation:
If an insect that eats plant seeds containing 100 J of energy uses 30J of that energy for respiration and excretes 50 J in its feces, what is the insect's net secondary production? What is its production efficiency?
The insect's net secondary production is 20J energy.
Respiration is the movement of oxygen from the out of doors surroundings to the cells within tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide within the contrary course to the surroundings.
Secondary production entails changing raw meal elements into extra useful or paperwork. Secondary food products are subtle, purified, extracted, or converted from minimally processed number one food merchandise. Organisms accountable for secondary production include animals, protists, fungi, and plenty of bacteria. Secondary manufacturing can be envisioned via a number of exceptional strategies together with increment summation, elimination summation, the instantaneous increase technique, and the Allen curve method.
Plant seeds containing 100 J of energy.
Uses energy for respiration is 30J.
Respiration and excretes 50 J in its feces.
The insect's net secondary production is 100J - 50 J - 30J.
= 20J.
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According to the principle of competitive exclusion, what outcome is expected when two species with identical niches compete for a resource? Why?
Because one species will utilise the resources more effectively and reproduce more quickly than the other, the two species cannot coexist in the same area for an extended period of time.
What does the resource mean?An available means: a supply or support source (typically used in the plural). An abundant or lucrative natural resource; frequently used in plural. a natural phenomena or characteristic that improves the standard of living for people.
What types of resources are examples?A resource is anything that improves your life and is useful. A "Resource" is any part of the natural world that is beneficial to humans, including things like air, water, food, plants, animals, minerals, and metals. Each of these resources has a different value depending on its usability and other elements.
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