1. Describe the important aspects of identifying species in the field. (pgs. 2-6)

The new X chromosome data supports my hypothesis that the mutation causing the disease is caused by a single base pair change in the X chromosome. This data shows that the mutation affects only one of the two copies of the gene, which is consistent with a single base pair change.

In addition, the data shows that the mutation is found only in the affected individuals, indicating that the mutation is likely to be responsible for the disease.

If the data does not support my hypothesis, I may have to change my hypothesis to a new mutation that is caused by a different type of mutation, such as a deletion or duplication of a base pair.

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My theory that the disease-causing mutation results from a single base pair alteration in the X chromosome is supported by the new X chromosome data.

Their analyses support a single base pair alteration since the mutation only affects one of the two copies of the gene. The idea that the mutation is most likely the primary cause of the condition is supported by the fact that it is exclusively present in patients.

I may need to revise my hypothesis to account for a new mutation caused by a different form of mutation, such as the deletion or duplication of a base pair, if the facts turn out to be the opposite. You should reexamine the data to see why your hypothesis is incorrect if the experiment's results show it to be true. You shouldn't change the experiment or the data in any way unless it is necessary to make the findings support your hypothesis. You'll do better on tests if you get at least six hours of sleep each night. A dropped ball rolls toward the earth when it is dropped.

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B. It makes the climate warmer. Along the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador in the east, the Gulf Stream and the chilly Labrador Current converge, chilling the air and frequently generating fog.

The warm water carried by the Gulf Stream cools through evaporation as it moves north. The water cools due to evaporation caused by the wind blowing across it, which also raises the salinity and density of the water. Warmer waters from the Gulf of Mexico are brought up into the North Atlantic Ocean by the Gulf Stream, a strong ocean current. It stretches up the entire eastern coast of the United States before turning to the northwest of Europe.

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B. It makes the climate warmer. Along the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador in the east, the Gulf Stream and the chilly Labrador Current converge, chilling the air and frequently generating fog.

The warm water carried by the Gulf Stream cools through evaporation as it moves north. The water cools due to evaporation caused by the wind blowing across it, which also raises the salinity and density of the water. Warmer waters from the Gulf of Mexico are brought up into the North Atlantic Ocean by the Gulf Stream, a strong ocean current. It stretches up the entire eastern coast of the United States before turning to the northwest of Europe.  

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These two creatures were an outgroup in the host and fluke parasite phylogenetic trees.

On the evolutionary tree, their individual parasitic flukes are closely connected. Because the host tree does not exhibit the same pattern as the parasite tree, these two fluke species must have switched hosts. Avoiding contact with fresh water contaminated with Schistosome parasites is the main way to avoid contracting the disease.

Swimming, wading, or engaging in any other aquatic activity in these bodies of water exposes the skin to potential cercariae penetration. Time flows via a tree's root system rather than through its branches.

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The two species are human fluke and freshwater turtle fluke. The host tree's pattern is different from the parasite tree's, indicating that these two fluke species have changed hosts.

A group of parasitic trematodes belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes are referred to as liver flukes together. The liver of several mammals, including humans, is where they primarily reside as parasites. They can develop in bile ducts, gallbladders, and liver parenchyma and are capable of migrating with the blood circulation. Blood parasites, or trematodes, of the Spirorchiidae family, which primarily affect turtles, are found everywhere. These flukes have recently been identified in a few marine turtles from South America, where it is still uncertain whether spirorchiids can be found in freshwater definitive and intermediate hosts.

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The most common local and global effects of burning petroleum in car engines are smog and global warming.

Global effects refer to the various impacts that the actions of individuals, businesses, and governments have on the environment and society at large. Global effects can include changes to the climate, water cycle, biodiversity, food production, and other natural systems.

Smog is a form of air pollution created by the reaction of sunlight with emissions from car exhausts. The emissions contain nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide which react with sunlight to create smog. This smog, which can cause respiratory problems, is especially common in heavily populated areas with high traffic. Global warming is caused by the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere from burning petroleum. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to an increase in global temperatures.

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Answer:

Smog and global warming are the most common local and global effects of burning petroleum in automobile engines.

What exactly are global effects?

Global effects are the various effects that individuals, businesses, and governments have on the environment and society as a whole. Changes in the climate, water cycle, biodiversity, food production, and other natural systems can all have global consequences.

What's smog?

Smog is a type of air pollution caused by the reaction of sunlight with car exhaust emissions. Smog is created when nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide react with sunlight. This smog, which can cause respiratory problems, is especially prevalent in densely populated, high-traffic areas. The release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere from the combustion of petroleum contributes to global warming. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global temperatures to rise.

According to the theory of blending Inheritance, offspring were expected to be phenotypically intermediate relative to their parents, which would dilute any new genetic variants.

The 19th-century biological hypothesis of blending inheritance is now out of date. According to the notion, a kid will receive a trait as an average of its values from both of its parents. According to the blended inheritance theory, phenotypes, or physical characteristics, are intermediates between the parents and their descendants.

This theory, for instance, predicts that if a tall man and a short woman have a kid, the child will be intermediate in height to her parents. By 1905, the distinction between blended and alternate inheritance was well known, but Francis Galton and his interpreters saw the two kinds as distinct results of breeding, not as competing hypotheses.

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Offspring were anticipated to be phenotypically intermediate in relation to their parents, which would muddle any new genetic variants, in accordance with the hypothesis of blending inheritance.

The biological theory of mixing inheritance from the 19th century is no longer valid. The idea holds that a child will acquire a trait as an average of the values it receives from both of its parents. Phenotypes, or physical features, are intermediaries between parents and offspring in the mixed inheritance hypothesis. For instance, according to this hypothesis, a child born to a tall man and a short woman will be between her parents' heights.

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The percentage of individuals in the population that are heterozygous (Ss) for the sickle-cell gene will be 18%.

Population is the total number of people, animals, or other living creatures in a certain area. It is typically measured by counting the number of individuals living within a given territory, and can be used to analyze population growth and density. Population estimates are often used to inform policy and decision making, such as targeted investment in public services, and the use of population data can help to understand economic, social, and health issues.

This is because for each individual with the homozygous recessive genotype (ss), there is another individual with the heterozygous genotype (Ss). Thus, for every 9% of the population with the homozygous recessive genotype (ss), there is an additional 9% with the heterozygous genotype (Ss), making the total percentage of individuals with the heterozygous genotype 18%. This means that 18% of the population will be more resistant to malaria due to their heterozygous condition.

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Answer: Mitosis

Explanation: The daughter cells of mitosis are called the diploid cells.

The process of converting the instructions from nucleic acid to protein is known as Translation. In this process, the protein strand is produced from the messenger RNA molecule. The proteins are also called as the " workhorses of the cell".

The translation machinery is housed within a specialised organelle called the ribosome in all cells. Mature mRNA molecules in eukaryotes should indeed leave the nucleus and transport to the cytoplasm, where ribosomes are found. Ribosomes, on the other hand, can bind to mRNA while it continues to be transcribed in prokaryotic organisms. Translation begins at the 5' end of the mRNA whereas the 3' end remains connected to DNA.

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The process of converting the instructions from nucleic acid to protein is known as Translation. In this process, the protein strand is produced from the messenger RNA molecule. The proteins are also called the " workhorses of the cell".

The translation machinery is housed within a specialized  organelle called the ribosome in all cells. Mature mRNA molecules in eukaryotes should indeed leave the nucleus and transport to the cytoplasm, where ribosomes are found. Ribosomes, on the other hand, can bind to mRNA while it continues to be transcribed in prokaryotic organisms. Translation begins at the 5' end of the mRNA whereas the 3' end remains connected to DNA.

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Chronic myelogenous leukemia (cml) is a type of cancer that is caused by a specific chromosomal alteration that leads to the inappropriate expression of a kinase called abl. This drug work to treat this type of cancer by binding to the active site and prevents the ability of Abl kinase to bind to its substrate.

Kinases are enzymes that put phosphate groups onto macromolecules such as proteins. a drug used to treat cml, imatinib, binds to the active site of abl kinase. It is a slowly progressing blood and marrow bone disease that usually occurs during or after middle age that rarely occurs in children.

Chronic myeloid leukemia that is CML referred to a type of cancer that starts in the blood-forming cells of the blood invades and marrow bone. It is also known as chronic myelogenous leukemia. It is a disease in which the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells.

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Starch and cellulose are identical polymers with the same repeat units that depend on glucose and are made of the same building blocks.

There is only one difference. In starch, the glucose-repeat units are all parallel to one another. Since the sugar units in cellulose and starch are linked differently—by - linkages in cellulose and - connections in starch—their linkage is the primary distinction between the two substances. The main distinction between cellulose and starch is this. In contrast to cellulose, where each succeeding glucose unit is spun 180 degrees, starch repeat units are situated in the same direction. Compared to sugar, which is not water soluble, cellulose is thicker. Similar to starch, cellulose is a linear of glucose, but in cellulose, the glucose monomer are joined by additional chemical bonds. Because of this, cellulose is more stronger than starch and is not soluble in water.

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Starch and cellulose are similar polymers that depend on glucose and have the same fundamental building blocks as each other.

There is just one distinction. The units of glucose repetition in starch are parallel to one another. The main difference between cellulose and starch is how the sugar units are linked, which differs between the two substances. Cellulose links the sugar units together, while starch links the units together.

This is the primary difference between cellulose and starch. Each consecutive glucose unit in cellulose is spun 180 degrees, yet starch repeat units are all oriented in the same direction. Cellulose is thicker than sugar, which is not water soluble. Similar to starch, cellulose is a linear form of glucose, however unlike starch, cellulose contains connected glucose monomers.

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If you've ever witnessed anything and questioned why or how it occurred, you've begun the journey of discovery.

what is a virtual lab ?

A virtual laboratory is an on-screen simulator or calculator that allows you to put ideas to the test and examine the outcomes. Learners employ innovative technology to conduct a series of experiments that produce real-world effects. For example, students can "tinker" with laboratory equipment that performs almost exactly like it would in real life.

If you've ever witnessed anything and questioned why or how it occurred, you've begun the journey of discovery. If you continue on your adventure, you will most likely come up with some of your own solutions to your query. Even farther down the road, you can consider how to determine whether your responses are right. Whether you realise it or not, you are now pursuing a route known to scientists as the scientific method. You have very nearly finished all a scientist might do in a laboratory or out in the field when undertaking research if you conduct some experiments to check whether your answer is right and write down what you discover in a report.

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Recently, it has become important to classify prokaryotes into one of two distinct domains rather of placing them all in the same kingdom due to rRNA genes.

Prokaryotes are split into two domains since research on the organisms found that there are sufficient distinctions between them to classify them into separate groups. Bacteria come in a wide variety, from pathogens that cause disease to helpful photosynthesizers and symbionts.  It can be difficult to classify prokaryotes according to their species. They cannot be categorized based on whether they interbreed or not because they do not sexually reproduce. Additionally, they have little morphological characteristics. The current strategy is to research gene DNA sequences. Fruit that has been home-preserved has a higher risk of causing food illness.

( what kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom? A. ecological, B. rRNA genes, C. mtDNA, D. morphological )

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The correct term for first question is “carnivores”; second question is “herbivores”; third question is “omnivores”; fourth question is “filter (or suspension) feeders”; fifth question is “substrate feeders”; sixth question is “fluid feeders”; and seventh question is “bulk feeders”.

A carnivore, sometimes known as a meat-eater, is any animal or plant that obtains its nutrition and energy needs from animal tissues, whether by hunting or scavenging. An animal that is physically and physiologically specialised to consume plant matter is called a herbivore. An animal is said to be an omnivore if it typically consumes both plants and animals for nutrition. Because Paramecium employs cilia to direct food into an oral groove where cilia remove undesirable particles, it is known as a filter feeder. Substrate feeders reside on or in their food supply. Substrate feeders consume all of their food. The term "fluid feeders" refers to species that consume other organisms' fluid. Animals are categorised as bulk eaters in the great majority of cases. Large bits of food are typically consumed by bulk feeders at the source.

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The right term for the first inquiry is "carnivores"; the second inquiry is "herbivores"; the third inquiry is "omnivores"; the fourth inquiry is "channel (or suspension) feeders"; the fifth inquiry is "substrate feeders"; 6th inquiry is "liquid feeders"; and seventh inquiry is "mass feeders".

A carnivore, some of the time known as a meat-eater, is any creature or plant that gets its nourishment and energy needs from creature tissues, whether by hunting or rummaging. A creature that is genuinely and physiologically particular to consume plant matter is known as a herbivore. A creature is supposed to be an omnivore on the off chance that it ordinarily consumes the two plants and creatures for nourishment. Since Paramecium utilizes cilia to coordinate food into an oral depression where cilia eliminate unfortunate particles, it is known as a channel feeder. Substrate feeders dwell on or in their food supply. Substrate feeders devour the entirety of their food. The expression "liquid feeders" alludes to species that polish off other organic entities' liquid. Creatures are classified as mass eaters in the extraordinarily greater part of cases. Enormous pieces of food are ordinarily devoured by mass feeders at the source.

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Answer:

(a) The three major stages of interphase are:

G1 phase: This is the first stage of interphase and is also known as the "growth" phase. During this stage, the cell grows and carries out metabolic functions.

S phase: This is the second stage of interphase and is also known as the "synthesis" phase. During this stage, the cell replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division.

G2 phase: This is the third and final stage of interphase and is also known as the "second growth" phase. During this stage, the cell checks for errors in the replicated DNA and makes any necessary repairs.

The sequence in which these stages occur is G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.

(b) EGF and EGFR play a role in a cell signaling pathway. EGF is a growth factor that is secreted by damaged cells, it binds to its receptor (EGFR) on the surface of nearby undamaged cells, this binding triggers a cascade of intracellular signals that lead to the activation of a set of genes responsible for cell proliferation, migration, and survival. This results in the repair of the tissue.

(c) Mutation that occurs outside of the coding region of a gene that encodes EGFR, for example in the promoter region, can lead to the overproduction of EGFR protein in a skin cell. The promoter region is responsible for controlling the expression of a gene, and if a mutation occurs in this region, it can lead to the overproduction of the gene's protein product, in this case, EGFR. This overproduction of EGFR can then lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division, which is a characteristic of cancer.

The required scientific question should include both dependent and independent variables. Therefore, question a) is correct.

A scientific question encourages investigation,  the design of an experiment, and encourage the use of the observation generated by the question to identify solutions. This question is framed using two key variables - (i) the dependent variable and (ii) the independent variable. The independent variable has an impact on and alters the dependent variable.

In the given scenario, these two variables are present. Here, the number of flowers is the dependent variable and the water or nitrogen-enriched water is the independent variable. In the given option, option a includes these two variables. Therefore, question a is a required question.

The complete question is -

A scientist has two identical plants placed by a window. one is in a red pot, and the other is in a yellow pot. she waters the one in the red pot with regular water and the one in the yellow pot with nitrogen-enriched water. after 5 days, she counts the number of flowers on each plant. what was her scientific question?

a) Does the amount of nitrogen affect the number of flowers on a plant?

b) Does the color of the pot affect the number of flowers on a plant?

c) Does sunlight affect the number of flowers on a plant?

d) Does time affect the number of flowers on a plant?

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The sentence represents the common conditions of all three of the following is (b), occurs in small populations and results in a decrease in genetic diversity and/or an increase in the occurrence of specific genetic traits.

The founder principle is a principle where a new population is established with a small population that is different from its parent population because the founder of the new population is from a different place.

Genetic drift is a random process that can cause huge population changes in a short period of time. Random drift is produced by repeating tiny population numbers, catastrophic population decreases known as "bottlenecks," and founder events in which a new population begins with a small number of individuals.

Thus, the correct option is b.

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Full Question;

Which respresents the common conditions of all three of the following: genetic drift, the founder principle, and the bottleneck effect?

a.

occurs in small populations when one genetic trait becomes more common in a population purely by chance

b.

occurs in small populations and results in a decrease in genetic diversity and/or an increase in the occurrence of specific genetic traits

c.

when a small group of organisms only reproduce with each other to create a larger population of organisms

d.

when the majority of a population is killed off and there are only a few remaining organisms left to rebuild the population

The point that represents the common conditions among genetic drift, the founder principle, and the bottleneck effect is: (b) in small populations and result in a decrease in genetic diversity or an increment in a specific genetic trait.

Genetic drift is defined as the change in the frequency of genes in the population by random chance. Genetic drift usually results in the reduction of gene frequency. Genetic drift is the cause for founder principle and bottleneck effect to occur.

Genetic diversity refers to the variety of genes present in a specific area. More is the amount of different genes in that region, more is its genetic diversity.

The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:

Which represents the common conditions of all three of the following: genetic drift, the founder principle, and the bottleneck effect?

a. in small populations when one genetic trait becomes more common in a population purely by chance

b. in small populations and result in a decrease in genetic diversity and/or an increase in the occurrence of specific genetic traits

c. when a small group of organisms only reproduce with each other to create a larger population of organisms

d. when the majority of a population is decimated and there are only a few remaining organisms left to rebuild the population

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The majority of the accessible glucose is oxidised during anaerobic fermentation via the glycolytic pathway, while the remaining glucose joins the pentose phosphate paths to produce NADPH and ribose.

In the LDH reaction, NADPH acts as an extra reducing equivalent. The pool of pentose phosphate pathway metabolites can supply glucose-6-phosphate again for recombination-based generation of NADPH in the absence of glucose. NADPH, the main source for reducing equivalents in the defence of RBCs against oxidative damage, is produced by pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Additionally, this pathway generates ribo 5-phosphate (R5P), which would be necessary for the production of adenine nucleotides (Eaton and Brewer, 1974). Lactone is created through the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate. As glucose-6-phosphate is oxidised, NADP +start subscripts, plus, end corey is reduced, resulting in the production of NADPH as a byproduct. The byproduct of glycolysis, pyruvate, is converted into oxaloacetate inside the mitochondria again for following process.

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The ability of an athlete to accelerate to maximum speed as quickly as possible is the primary factor in sprint competition.

During photosynthesis, this is what happens when energy from the sun is used to make ATP from ADP. In the cells' mitochondria, cellular respiration also results in the production of ATP.

Aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen, or anaerobic respiration, which does not, can accomplish this.  When it comes to moving macromolecules like proteins and lipids into and out of cells, ATP plays a crucial role.

The energy required for transport mechanisms to transport these molecules over concentration gradients is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP. Cells actually get their energy from ATP triphosphate tail.

When phosphates break apart into molecules, the available energy is released from the bonds that connect them. Hydrolysis is the process by which water molecules are added.

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elastic cartilage has the function which was designed to absorb compressive shock.

what is elastic cartilage ?

Elastic cartilage is histologically similar to hyaline cartilage, but it contains a dense matrix of yellow elastic fibres. Under a microscope, these fibres form dark bundles. The elastic fibres require specific staining since they seem the same as hyaline cartilage when stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Verhoeff van Geison stains are used (which give the elastic fibres a black colour), but other stains such as aldehyde fuchsin stains, Weigert's elastic stains, and orcein stains can also be used. These fibres give elastic cartilage its flexibility, allowing it to endure repeated bending. One or more chondrocytes, similar to hyaline, are found between the gaps (or lacunea) in the fibres. Chondrocytes account for only 2% of the tissue's volume.

elastic cartilage has the function which was designed to absorb compressive shock.

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Thermal equilibrium is a state where two objects at different temperatures will eventually reach the same temperature when placed in thermal contact.

On a cold day, the temperature of the surrounding environment is lower than the temperature of the human body.

If a human is in contact with the cold environment, heat will transfer from the human body to the environment until the human reaches the same temperature as the environment, which is the thermal equilibrium.

Hence, it is not a instantaneous process, it takes time for the human body to lose heat and reach equilibrium with the cold environment.

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The deer's feeding behavior can have a significant effect on the survival and reproduction of cacti, depending on the type of cactus and the feeding habits of the deer population.

For example, if the deer feeding behavior on large, fleshy cacti, then these cacti may be at a disadvantage in terms of survival and reproduction, as the deer will consume a large portion of the cactus's reproductive structures, making it difficult for the cactus to produce and disperse seeds. On the other hand, if the deer population primarily feeds on small, spiny cacti, then these cacti may be at an advantage in terms of survival and reproduction, as the spines may deter the deer from feeding on the cactus, allowing the cactus to produce and disperse seeds more effectively. Overall, the feeding habits of the deer population can have a significant impact on the success of reproduction of different types of cacti.

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Latitude and longitude are distances in degrees from the Equator and from the Greenwich meridian. Point A is at 15º N 20º W. Option D.

Latitude and longitude refer to distances in degrees concerning a certain reference point.

In the exposed example, we can identify the equator (horizontal black line at 0º) and the Greenwich meridian (vertical black line at 0º).

We can also see a point named A located in the northern hemisphere and to the west.

By looking at the degrees, we can say this point is at 15º N 20º W. Option D.

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Answer:

Cell

Explanation:

Hope this helps.

The pigment molecule in plant cells absorbs light Is the chlorophyll. Chlorophyll, any member of the most important class of pigments involved in photosynthesis.

the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy through the synthesis of organic compounds. Chlorophyll is found in virtually all photosynthetic organisms, including green plants, cyanobacteria, and algae. It absorbs energy from light; this energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Chlorophyll occurs in several distinct forms: chlorophylls a and b are the major types found in higher plants and green algae; chlorophylls c and d are found, often with a, in different algae; chlorophyll e is a rare type found in some golden algae; and bacterio-chlorophyll occurs in certain bacteria. In green plants chlorophyll occurs in membranous disklike units (thylakoids) in organelles called chloroplasts.

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Answer:

no

Explanation:

because the allele freqencies are identical so their genetics are still the same.

The dominant allele overshadows the other allele in the heterozygous state.

A homozygous dominant genotype is an organism with two dominant alleles for a trait. This genotype is written as BB, taking the example of eye color. A heterozygous genotype is an organism with one dominant and one recessive allele. This genotype is written Bb in our example. A recessive allele is the kind of allele that is frequently hidden or overshadowed by the dominant allele. If a person has the recessive allele, that trait will only show up if they are homozygous for it.

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True. Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that have the same length, centromere position and gene content. Homologous chromosomes are paired in somatic cells during mitosis, and have the same arrangement of genes along their length.

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated and recombine with the homologous chromosome of the other parent to form new chromosome combinations, which are then passed on to offspring. Homologous chromosomes may also be referred to as homologs.

Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes, but the alleles of those genes may be different. Homologous chromosomes are important for ensuring the accurate inheritance of genetic information from parent to offspring.

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True. Chromosomes that are homologous share the same length, centromere location, and gene makeup. During mitosis, homologous chromosomes are paired in somatic cells and contain the same gene organization over their entire length.

Homologous chromosomes are divided during meiosis, recombined with the homologous chromosome of the other parent, and then created new chromosomal combinations that are passed on to progeny. Chromosomes that are homologous might also be called homologs. The genes on identical chromosomes are the same, but their alleles could be different. For appropriate genetic information to be accurately passed from parent to child, homologous chromosomes are crucial. Genes are often arranged in the same pattern along the length of homologous chromosomes. All living things have either an X or Y chromosome, which is completely responsible for defining a person's sexual orientation.

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The neuron doctrine of the nervous system, which states that the nervous system consists of individual cells, or neurons, was first unequivocally supported by the Golgi stain technique developed by Camillo Golgi in 1873.

This technique allowed for the visualization of individual neurons within a tissue sample, thus providing direct evidence for the neuron doctrine.

The Golgi stain technique involved treating a tissue sample with a silver chromate solution, which resulted in the staining of randomly selected neurons.

This allowed for the visualization of the individual neurons within the tissue, as well as their dendrites, axons, and other features.

The distinctness of the stained neurons provided evidence of the neuron doctrine, as opposed to the reticular theory which proposed that the nervous system was a continuous web-like structure.

This technique is still used today to gain insight into the structure and function of the nervous system.

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The pedigree diagram, Trait r is the mendelian trait in humans for tongue rolling. the allele for the ability to roll the tongue (r) is dominant over the allele for the inability to roll the tongue (r). The genotype of person a in the pedigree referred to able to roll the tongue.

In pedigree we must first decide if the condition is dominant or recessive. If the condition is dominant, then it Affected individuals = AA or if the condition is recessive it is uneffected individuals=aa.

We can use the relationships between an individual and their parents, siblings, and offspring to determine genotypes. A gene encodes eye color. the allele is either brown, or blue, with one inherited from the mother, and the other inherited from the father is referred to an example of geneotypes.

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