Before the election was held, how do you think the data for the opinion polls were gathered​

Answer: Public opinion polls are now conducted on every topic under the sun everything from presidential approval to celebrity outfits and sports predictions but they remain especially fundamental to the conduct and study of elections. Elections and polling are so intertwined that it is hard to imagine one without the other. Poll numbers provide fodder for media coverage and election predictions, they shape candidate and voter behavior, and they are the basis of interpreting the meaning of election outcomes. Public Opinion Quarterly was founded in January 1937 on the heels of the advent of modern scientific polling in U.S. presidential elections. The first issue included an essay, “Straw Polls in 1936,” explaining how George Gallup’s quota-controlled survey of a few thousand triumphed over the Literary Digest’s straw poll of millions incorrectly predicting the election outcome.

Election polling has evolved considerably since that inaugural issue. Perhaps most notably, there has been an explosion in the number of election polls in the United States. Traugott (2005) estimated a 900-percent increase in trial heat polls between 1984 and 2000. The number has continued to grow since then, due largely to the rise in interactive-voice-response (IVR) and Internet polls since the 2000 election. In the 2008 election, there were an estimated 975 presidential trial heat questions, and well over a million interviews, conducted between Labor Day and Election Day. It is telling that polling for the next presidential election now begins the day after the previous one. On November 5, 2008, Gallup reported that Sarah Palin led as a potential Republican candidate for the 2012 presidential election.1

There has also been a significant evolution in election polling. For decades, polls were typically conducted by telephone, using live interviewers, on behalf of media organizations or political candidates. Today, Internet surveys and IVR polls are increasingly common, and polls are often initiated by entrepreneurial pollsters conducting them not for a client, but self-promotion (Blumenthal 2005). The dissemination of poll numbers has also changed, with many polls now being reported directly on blogs and polling aggregation websites rather than by the traditional media. Journalists are no longer the formal gatekeepers determining if a given poll is of sufficient quality and interest to warrant the public’s attention.

It also seems that we have seen a rise and fall in the credibility of polling since POQ’s inaugural issue. Reflecting on the Literary Digest prediction disaster in the 1936 election, Crossley’s essay asked, “Is it possible to sample public opinion sufficiently accurately to forecast an election, particularly a close one?”. Crossley argued that it was, provided a representative sample was drawn. Not everyone immediately shared his view, however. It was not until the 1960s and 1970s that surveys became a fixture of political campaigns. Early skepticism that a sample of respondents could say anything about the opinions of millions gave way to a belief in the scientific basis of probability samples. Today, however, nonprobability samples typically opt-in Internet surveys are increasingly common, and probability samples are experiencing significant methodological challenges, such as increasing nonresponse and cell-phone-only households. We now hear near-constant questioning of the motivation and methods of pollsters, often instigated by partisan bloggers and pundits dissatisfied with the results of a poll. There is, once again, a haze of skepticism surrounding the entire industry.

The role of polling in elections has been the subject of numerous books and articles and has been covered with far more detail, richness, and insight than I can provide here. The common thread throughout is that technology has altered the way polls are used by the media, public, candidates, and scholars. And while polls and surveys remain vital to electoral behavior and our understanding of it, they are being increasingly supplemented or replaced by alternate measures and methods.

Explanation:

Hope this helps

pls mark me brainlinest

The more angry dating subjects with mind-reading expectations become, the more likely they are to use ____________ to punish their partners.

The act of ______________ entails the ability to produce intangible or tangible things that are novel or original and useful or adaptive.

A Greek who had the right to take part in ruling a city state was a?

An important change in political culture since 1950 is that united states citizens have become.

Which levels of government are needed to ratify an amendment?

Select all that apply.


international
international

tribal
tribal

state
state

federal
federal

local

who set up Jesuit missons

what is Malawi's most important natural resource?

Factors that contribute the youth being hesitant on being responsible citizen

what type of industries are called cottage industries​

When conflict arises between people regarding how to reach a particular goal, it is referred to as ______. intrapersonal conflict procedural conflict relational conflict

What was India’s Per Capita Income in 2011 as per world development report 2014?

When Suzanne decides that a person's behavior was caused by some temporary aspect of the circumstances, she is making a(n) _____ attribution.

What is the difference between an obligation/duty & a responsibility?

•You and your friend are asked to grow plants at home. If you are given only Sandy soil and your friend gets only clayey soil, will you be able to grow plants individually? Why or why not?

•How can both collaborate to grow plants?

The average vehicle releases 1. 39grams of nox per mile driven. If a vehicle is driven 22,000miles per year for 15 years, how much nox does that vehicle release?.

Thao is trying to decide whether to ask Sue out. What information processing bias will be most likely operating when he makes his decision

What Was the purpose of chain mail?

why did city-states fight one another

The water of Nepal is called white gold. Why?​

Chinua Achebe, what is his most famous novel?

How frequently should you take breaks when driving long distances?.

Aarti works as an interviewer and is not overqualified for her job. what level of education does aarti most likely have? some high school a master’s degree a bachelor’s degree a high school diploma

Why should the UN have an army

_____ refer to the tensions that result from the conflicting nature of how the public defines a relationship and the private interactions that take place in the relationship.

Which organization issued the credo for communication ethics? a. national ethics association b. national communication association c. national association of communication ethics d. national communication ethics association please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d.

what are the economic activities of north america

Which type of theory is being argued for when a political scientist argues that only a small number of people hold power in a society?

A. Marxist


B. proletariat


C. communist


D. elitist

What is the full form of ST,SC,?​

Which nation declared itself neutral but later entered the war in 1917?

what is dowry system?
​