Assume that on average one out of every 10⁵ athrm B cells in the body is specific for antigen A on day 16 and that the number of B cells producing a specific antibody is proportional to the concentration of that antibody. What would you predict is the frequency of B cells specific for antigen A on day 36?
Answers
According to the given graph On day 36, the frequency of B-cells would be approximately 5×10³ cells.
Describe an antigen:A molecule, chemical structure, foreign particle, pollen grain, or any other substance that can attach to a particular antibody or T-cell receptor is called an antigen. An immunological reaction may be brought on by the presence of antigens in the body.
What three types of antigens are there?Exogenous (foreign to the host immune system), endogenous (made by internal bacteria and viruses reproducing inside a host cell), and autoantigens are the three basic methods to describe antigen (produced by the host)
How is antigen produced?The antigen may come from the body itself (self-protein) or from the environment ("non-self"). Due to negative selection of T cells in the thymus and B cells in the bone marrow, the immune system recognizes and kills "non-self" external antigens but typically does not respond to self-protein.
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Related Questions
If global warming increases average temperatures on Earth by 4°C in this century, predict which biome is most likely to replace tundra in some locations as a result. Explain your answer.
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Global warming is the sudden rise in temperature that has been caused by greenhouse gases.
By trapping more heat, greenhouse gases have raised the temperature of the earth's atmosphere. Since 1970, the average global temperature has risen at a pace of 1.7°C per century.The northern coniferous forest, which is surrounded by deciduous forest to the south and tundra to the north, is the biggest terrestrial biome in the coniferous region. The term "taiga" or "the boreal forest with many lakes, rivers, and bogs" is also used to describe this forest. The polar regions, including Iceland, Alaska, and the sub-Antarctic islands, are home to the tundra biome, a barren desert with bare ground and rock. Long, dry winters, brief growing seasons, and extremely chilly temperatures are characteristics of the tundra. The temperature for the northern coniferous forest is found in the climograph just above that for tundra. Northern coniferous forests will take the position of tundras as the range of precipitation.Learn more about the global warming with the help of the given link:
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When one or both copies of a gene are the ______ allele, then this allele's form of the trait will be exhibited
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When one or both copies of a gene are the dominant allele, then this allele's form of the trait will be exhibited.
In the field of genetics, we can simply describe alleles as the variant forms of a single gene.
It is due to the expression of an allele that certain characteristics are observed in an organism.
For a trait to express itself in the phenotype, the allele for the trait either needs to be homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant.
An allele that is able to mask the effect of the other allele of the same type is referred to as the dominant allele. An allele that gets masked by the other allele is referred to as the recessive allele.
For a trait to express itself, the allele needs to be dominant i.e either one copy of the dominant allele should be present or both the alleles should be dominant. In case both the alleles are recessive, then the recessive trait will be expressed.
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50 points look at screenshot
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Carbohydrate: starches and sugars, glucose and sucrose
lipids: can be utilized for energy if sugars are not available
protiens: DNA or RNA, antibodies
nucleic acid: forms hydrophobic part of membrane
when you eat a large meal and your body absorbs a lot of glucose and that makes its way to the interstitial fluid before going into the cell. 100% of the glucose should be absorbed into the cell from the interstitial fluid. why does nearly all of the glucose enter the cell, rather than only half of it?
Answers
Since the cell modifies it, there's more glucose outside the cell than within.
Cell- The research of structure and function of cells is known as cell biology, and it is based on the idea that a cell is the basic building block of all life. A thorough grasp of the organisms and tissues that cells make up is made possible by concentrating on the cell.
Tissue- A biologic organization level between cells and an entire organ is called a tissue. A tissue is a group of comparable cells from the same origin, along with their extracellular matrix, that work together to perform a single function. Then, various tissues are functionally grouped together to form organs.
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Which component is an example of a biotic factor found in an attic ecosystem
A. Ice
B. Foxes
C. Snow
D. Rocks
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Stress hormones can inhibit the production of _____, white blood cells that circulate in the body and are an important part of the immune system response to combat illness.
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Stress hormones can inhibit the production of lymphocytes which forms the white blood cells that circulate in the body and are an important part of the immune system response to combat illness or disease.
What are Lymphocytes?These forms part of the immune system which fights diseases and infections in organisms and are produced in the bone marrow and lymphatic vessels.
They circulate in the body and are important components of the immune system, however their production is usually inhibited by stress hormones such as cytokines etc thereby weakening the system.
This is therefore the reason why lymphocytes was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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Which is most likely the reason zebras and horses are considered separate species?
They cannot breed.
Their offspring cannot breed.
They look different from each other.
They are found in different habitats.
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Species are the level of taxonomical classification. Zebras and horses are closely related species. They are considered as separate species because they cannot breed.
Thus, the correct option is A.
What is Species?Species is a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile off-springs. They cannot breed under natural conditions.
Zebras and horses are the two different species which belong to the same horse family Equidae. Zebras are considered as wild horse as they belong to same family.
Under natural conditions these two species cannot breed. If Zebras and horses interbreed, the offspring produced from this will be sterile. The offspring cannot breed.
Therefore, Zebras and horses cannot breed under natural conditions. Hence, option A is correct.
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The substances in a chemical reaction that are combined or separated to form new substances are the _______.
A.
chemical equations
B.
products
C.
reactants
D.
coefficients
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Answer:
products...............
During exponential growth, a population always a. has a constant, instantaneous per capita growth rate. b. quickly reaches its carrying capacity. c. cycles through time. d. loses some individuals to emigration.
Answers
According to the given statement Has a constant, instantaneous per capita growth rate.
The correct option is A.
Why is growth rate important?The percentage changes in a particular variable over a predetermined period of time are known as growth rates. Depending on whether the magnitude of the variable is growing or shrinking over time, growth rates can either be positive or negative.
What is an example of a growth rate?Growth rates accumulate with time; if a variable's growth rate is constant, the change in the variable will only get bigger with time. Assume, for instance, that GDP will be 20.0 in 2020 and will increase by 10% annually. The GDP is 22.0 in 2021 (an rise of 2.0), but it is 24.2 in 2022. (an increase of 2.2).
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In a short essay (100-150 words), discuss how different types of energy investment by females contribute to the reproductive success of a frog, a chicken, and a human.
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Frogs lay eggs and incubate them themselves. Once the egg is formed there is no interaction between the frog and its offspring.
Instead, they produce a large number of eggs, resulting in high reproductive success. Females spend less energy on eggs than humans or chickens.
Chickens lay eggs through sexual reproduction. When it lays an egg, it hatches the egg. This takes from 21 days to 1 month. Therefore, the energy investment for hatching eggs is higher for chickens than for frogs. Chickens have a lower reproductive success rate than frogs because they lay less eggs than frogs.
Humans do not lay eggs. They go through the embryonic stage to form a zygote that matures offspring. Their energy investment phase is longer than others, as they take nine months to feed a fertilized egg.
Reproductive success is low because only one fertilized egg is produced at a time
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identify all of the following that are functions of proteins. multiple select question. support and structure energy storage transport molecules antibodies for defense genetic material enzymes
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Functions of proteins are support and structure transport molecules.
What is protein ?
A protein is a naturally occurring, extremely complex molecule composed of amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds. Proteins can be present in all living things and contain a wide range of vital biological components such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.
What are the function of proteins?Protein serves numerous functions in your body. It aids in the repair and growth of tissues, allows metabolic reactions to occur, and organizes biological operations. Proteins not only provide a structural basis for your body, but they also maintain optimum pH and fluid balance.
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Cells can move substances directly across their membranes in three general ways: simple diffusion and ________ diffusion, which do not require energy, and _______ transport which requires an input of energy.
Answers
Answer: facilitated active
Explanation:
Cells can move substances directly across their membranes in three general ways: simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion, which do not require energy, and active transport which requires an input of energy.
What is membrane transport?Membrane transport is the mechanism by which solutions and ions are passed across plasma membranes. The membrane, being composed of phospholipids, will generate a part of it that is hydrophobic, which is the part that faces the extracellular and intracellular spaces, and a hydrophilic part that faces the center of the plasma membrane. These characteristics mean that there is a certain degree of fluidity through it depending on its composition and temperature.
This then causes selectivity in it, for this reason it is necessary to form certain channels that allow the passage of compounds that cannot pass through it due to their size or electrical charge. within the types of transport we find: simple diffusion that is through phospholipids and does not require energy, facilitated diffusion that is through channels by its electrochemical gradient and does not require energy and active transport that does require energy and is through of channels.
Therefore, we can confirm that cells can move substances directly across their membranes in three general ways: simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion, which do not require energy, and active transport which requires an input of energy.
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The ____ suture is a single suture line that articulates the left and right sides of the palate.
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The median palatine suture is a single suture line that articulates the left and right sides of the palate, which is found behind the incisive canal between right and left palatine bones in the mouth.
What is the median palatine suture?The median palatine suture can be defined as a specialized closure suture located in the cranial bones which has as function to allow the growth of the maxilla.
In conclusion, the median palatine suture is a single suture line that articulates the left and right sides of the palate, which is found behind the incisive canal between right and left palatine bones in the mouth.
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what statements correctly describe the processing of the pre-mrna that must take place to generate a mature mrna?'
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The statements that correctly describe the processing of the pre-mRNA that must take place to generate a mature mRNA are:
A. Noncoding sequences called introns are spliced out by molecular complexes called spliceosomes.
C. A cap consisting of a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA.
D. A poly-A tail (50-250 adenine nucleotides) is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA.
mRNA is the messenger RNA that encodes the information of the DNA. mRNA is formed by the process of transcription by the enzyme RNA Polymerase II. It carries the information to form the protein.
The question is incomplete, the complete question is:
What statements correctly describe the processing of the pre-mRNA that must take place to generate a mature mRNA ?
A. Noncoding sequences called introns are spliced out by molecular complexes called spliceosomes.
B. A translation stop codon is added at the 3' end of the pre-mRNA.
C. A cap consisting of a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA.
D. A poly-A tail (50-250 adenine nucleotides) is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA.
E. Coding sequences called exons are spliced out by ribosomes.
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why can we use anaerobic respiration to describe the process of fermentation
Answers
Answer:
Both fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur in the absence of oxygen.
Explanation:
Fermentation is the breakdown of sugars, such as glucose and sucrose, with the absence of oxygen, in a plant.
Explain why destroying the remaining tropical forests might harm humans and lead to a mass extinction.
Answers
Atp is necessary for life because ________. it is the principal energy carrying molecule in a cell
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In conclusion, the statement 'Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is necessary for life because it is the principal energy-carrying molecule in a cell' is TRUE.
What is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy coin of cells used to carry out metabolic functions such as growth, reproduction, differentiation, etc.
The energy released by the hydrolysis of phosphate bonds in the Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule is used to couple it with energy requiring chemical reactions in the cell.
In conclusion, the statement 'Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is necessary for life because it is the principal energy-carrying molecule in a cell' is TRUE.
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how many elk would be found in a 2.5-acre area
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For two hunters or more, Messerschmidt says the ideal minimum size land for rifle hunting elk is about 50 acres.
What do elk do?Males have large horns, which weigh up to 35 kg. These horns are used, for example, in competition for the female. Moose are solitary, good swimmers and can run up to 56 km/h. These animals are most active at sunrise and sunset.
Where does the elk live?Several subspecies of moose are native to Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the US, and Canada. They live in deciduous and boreal forests, with a diet consisting mainly of tree buds and woody plants.
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How are otoliths adaptive for burrowing mammals, such as the star-nosed mole?
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Because light cues are lacking in habitats like the star-nosed mole's tunnel habitat, otoliths sense the animal's position with regard to gravity.
Why are they known as star-nosed moles?In the northern regions of North America, you can find the little star-nosed mole in low, wet environments. The only surviving member of the Cordyline tribe, it has more than 25,000 tiny sensory receptors in touch organs.
Why do ears have otoliths?The inner ear's otoliths (ear-stones), which are tiny organs, detect linear acceleration and gravity.
What purpose do otoliths serve?The otolith organs detect linear acceleration brought on by the start of a straight line of motion as well as gravity. People and animals with damaged or absent otolith organs have a worse sensation of motion and orientation to gravity.
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oxygen choose one: a. can be used as a terminal electron acceptor by microbes capable of cellular respiration, thereby generating more energy than other pathways. b. is required by all microbes except for some types of extremophiles. c. is relatively chemically inert. d. is a needed substrate for all metabolism.
Answers
Oxygen (a) can be used as a terminal electron acceptor by microbes capable of cellular respiration, thereby generating more energy than other pathways.
Electron acceptors play a crucial role in the process of synthesis of energy. These receive electron from one substrate or acceptor and transfer it to another. With this transfer of electrons is coupled the transfer of protons that generates a proton gradient across the membrane, thereby helping in the synthesis of energy.
Cellular respiration is the process of breakdown of food to generate energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in the presence of oxygen.
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Explain why a population that fits the logistic growth model increases more rapidly at intermediate size than at relatively small and large sizes.
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Toxins in the environment can aggravate ailments like cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems. Low-income individuals are more likely to reside in contaminated locations and have access to contaminated water. In addition, the risk of pollution-related health issues is higher for children and pregnant women.
What environmental factors affect health ?There are numerous specific environmental issues that can be harmful to people's health and wellness. Chemical pollution, air pollution, climate change, pathogenic bacteria, lack of access to health care, inadequate infrastructure, and poor water quality are some of these problems.
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What stage of mitosis is this and describe it
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Explanation:
We need a picture please
which will increase the heart rate? group of answer choices norepinephrine stimulation of the sa node by sympathetic nerves acetylcholine stimulation of the sa node by sympathetic nerves acetylcholine stimulation of the sa node by parasympathetic nerves norepinephrine stimulation of the sa node by parasympathetic nerves
Answers
The factor that will increase the heart rate is norepinephrine stimulation of the SA node by parasympathetic nerves. So the correct option is D.
What is heart rate?The amount of times your heart beats in a minute is known as your heart rate. Your body adjusts your heart rate naturally to fit what you're doing or what's going on around you. Because of this, your heart rate increases at times of activity, excitement, or fear and decreases during times of rest, serenity, or comfort.
Your heart rate is a crucial sign of your general health. A high or sluggish heart rate may indicate a cardiac condition or other health issues. Having the capacity to feel your heartbeat all around your body may also help doctors identify medical issues.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
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The marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), which spends long periods under water feeding on seaweed, relies on both salt glands and kidneys for homeostasis of its internal fluids. Describe how these organs together meet the particular osmoregulatory challenges of this animal's environment.
Answers
These organs together meet the particular osmoregulatory challenges of this animal's environment is Iguanas
Iguanas consume a much of salt when they eat. To keep homeostasis, it is necessary to minimize or get rid of the many ions that are present in seawater. Salt glands use active ion transport to release a fluid in order to do that. It has a salt content lower than sea water. Urine produced by the kidneys can be either iso- or hyperosmotic to bodily fluids. By reabsorbing water, urine, and feces, the bladder's epithelium aids in fluid conservation even if it may enable too much water to escape the body.
In order to preserve equilibrium, the body expels accumulated salt.
The movement of ions over a concentration gradient is referred to as active transport. Transporting ions from a low concentration area (salt) requires energy.
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a thermomet is used to check chicken being cooked on gill what must food handler do before using same theremoms to check food on serving line
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a thermomet is used to check chicken being cooked on gill, a food handler must do Wash, rinse, sanitize, and air-dry thermometers before using same theremoms to check food on serving line.
thses ethe some instruction food handler can follow -
Wash, rinse, sanitize, and air-dry thermometers before and after using them.Calibrate them before each shift to. ensure accuracy.Make sure thermometers used to measure the temperature of food are accurate to. ...Only use glass thermometers if they are enclosed in a shatterproof casing.Always put the thermometer stem or probe into the thickest part of the food. A bimetallic stemmed thermometer should be put into food from the tip to the end of the sensing area. Before you record the temperature, wait for the thermometer reading to steady.to know more about bimetallic stemmed thermometer click here
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Describe how an island's size and distance from the mainland affect the island's species richness.
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An island's size and distance from the mainland will affect the island's species richness in that immigration of species to islands declines with distance from the mainland and increases with island area.
What is an Island?This is defined as an isolated piece of habitat which is surrounded by another such as water and species richness in the region varies according to different factors.
Immigration of species( species richness) to islands declines with distance from the mainland and increases with island area which is how the species richness is affected in this type of scenario and makes it the correct choice.
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What is the total damage imposed as a result of producing the efficient level of fertilizer?
Answers
Crop yields must be increased while spending less, and it's important to comprehend the aspects that affect how effective fertilizers are overall.
What is negative impact of fertilizers?Negative effects on plant and animal life, including people, can result from improper management of nutrients.
Other contaminants linked to animal manures and commercial fertilizers.
Algal blooms that cause surface waters to lose oxygen, pathogens, and nitrates in drinking water, and the release of smells and gases into the atmosphere are a few of these effects.
Therefore, the total damage imposed as a result of producing the efficient level of fertilizer.
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In order to reproduce sexually, what do animals need to compete for?
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The experiment that showed that the amount of a,t.g and c is the same from species to species is?
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The experiment that showed that the amount of A, T, G and C is the same from species to species is Chargaff's experiment.
Chargaff's experiment determined the concentrations of the nitrogenous bases present in the DNA of the species. He concluded that amount of A and T as well as G and C remains the same in every species. This was proved by performing paper chromatography and UV spectrophotometry.
The amounts of adenine (A) and thymine (T) is the same because they form bonds with each other only. Similar is the case with guanine (G) and cytosine (C). A and T form double bonds while G and C form triple bonds.
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Describe the difference between supportive connective tissue and fluid connective tissue.
Answers
Supportive is bone and cartridge. It provides structure and strength to the body and protect soft tissues.
Mostly the difference is one holds the structure and the other holds the make up of blood.