The parasite changed to a new surface glycoprotein after the host's immune response to the first one was successful. This explains why parasite counts change in cycles throughout time.
Describe glycoprotein:A substance that combines a protein with a carbohydrate. In the body, glycoproteins have vital roles. For instance, practically all of the important components in the immune system's immunological response are glycoproteins.
How are glycoproteins produced?In the Golgi apparatus, serine or threonine residues in polypeptides are often modified by the addition of sugar residues to the hydroxyl side chains. O-linked glycoproteins, in contrast to N-linked glycoproteins, are created by the sequential addition of one sugar residue.
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Cilia are extensions of the _____ that function to move fluids across the surface of the cell.
Cilia are extensions of the cell surface that function to move fluids across the surface of the cell.
The cilium is a hair like protrusion that extends from the cellular floor. It consists of the centriole that is placed in the cytoplasm, the axoneme, which paperwork as an extension of centriolar microtubules, and the membrane that encases the axoneme.
Cilia and flagella are projections from the mobile. they will be crafted from microtubules , as verified in this cartoon and are covered by means of way of an extension of the plasma membrane. they're motile and designed either to move the cell itself or to transport substances over or throughout the cell.
The bronchus within the lungs are protected with hair-like projections referred to as cilia that float microbes and particles up and out of the airlines. Scattered within the course of the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which allows guard the liner of the bronchus and trap microorganisms.
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minor mutations and/or gene transfers may lead to the development of a new — a term that describes very closely related organisms that are slight genetic variants of one another.
Minor mutations and gene transfer may lead to the development of a new strain that contains slight genetic variants of another strain.
What are minor mutations?Minor mutations make reference to slight genetic alteration in the nucleotide sequence such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, which may be associated with the variation in a trait.
Moreover, a strain (for example a bacterial strain) is a group of microorganisms having the same genetic sequence in the genome, which leads to small variation between different strains.
In conclusion, Minor mutations and/or gene transfers may lead to the development of a new strain, which describes closely related organisms that are slight genetic variants of one another.
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In cells performing transepithelial transport (such as cells that constitute a blood-brain barrier), you would find __________ between neighboring cells.
In cells performing trans-epithelial transport (such as cells that constitute a blood-brain barrier), you would find tight junctions between neighboring cells.
Blood-brain barrier is a semi-permeable membrane of endothelial cells. These barriers strictly regulate the traffic that cross the membrane and reach the brain. The only substances that can cross this barrier are: water, certain gases, and lipid-soluble substances.
Tight junctions are the barriers that are formed between the epithelial and the endothelial cells. Their function is to prevent the leakage of substances through the membrane. They are also known to maintain the polarity of the cells. Proteins like claudin and occludin are involved in these junctions.
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Do the data support the hypothesis that the timing of the end of cleavage depends on counting cell divisions? Explain.
No, because the toxin's inhibition of cell division has no effect on when cleavage ends.
Cell division is the process by which the parent cell splits into two daughter cells, whereas cleavage is the cytoplasmic division that occurs after nuclear division.
The cell cycle includes the processes of cleavage and cell division. They are in charge of a parent cell's ability to produce daughter cells. Additionally, the two stages of cell division are referred to as karyokinesis and cytokinesis, respectively.
The process of cytokinesis in animals and many unicellular eukaryotes involves four steps: start, contraction, membrane insertion, and completion.
Cleavage, which occurs during development, describes the zygote's rapid mitotic divisions that result in the blastocyst, a multicellular entity. It is distinguished by the absence of daughter cell proliferation; as a result, cleavage is engaged in the distribution of the zygote's cytoplasm among the blastocyst's cells.
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In a controlled experiment, what is the experimental group compare to
The experimental group in a control experiment is the one who is subjected to the effects of the experiment's variables.
The experiment's findings are revealed by the changes that follow treatment. However, the control group is the one that is not subjected to any variation. For comparison with the experimental group, it is retained as a benchmark. In an experiment, the experimental group is contrasted with the control group. The experimental group's change in the independent variable is the only distinction between the two groups. The control group "controls" or maintains the independent variable at its original value.
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Suppose the birds had not shown a difference in orientation in these experiments. Could you conclude that the behavior was not genetically based? Explain.
The male will chase away any intruding males of his species due of the set action pattern based on the sign stimulation of a red belly. By driving away such males, the defender reduces the likelihood of another male fertilising eggs put in his nesting region.
How is bird behaviour influenced?Sun-azimuth orientation has been experimentally established in Starlings Sturnus vulgaris, Meadow Larks Sturnella magna, Barred Warblers Sylvia nisoria, Red-backed Shrikes Lanius collurio, and homing pigeons. Sun-azimuth orientation is the capacity to determine compass directions based on the sun's location regardless of time of day, and hence primarily on the ability to adjust for the sun's daily azimuth displacement. The evidence demonstrating the innateness of the underlying process is insufficient, although it is intriguing.
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2018 liu comparative study of phrenic and partial ulnar nerve transfers for elbow flexion after upper brachial plexus avulsion a retrospective clinical analysis.pdf
The broadly used nerve switch sources for elbow flexion in sufferers with pinnacle brachial plexus avulsion UBPA encompass partial ulnar nerve phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves.
A retrospective evaluation of twenty-one sufferers treated with phrenic and partial ulnar nerve transfers for elbow flexion after UBPA become executed.
In the phrenic nerve transfer institution, the phrenic nerve changed into transferred to the anterolateral package of the anterior department of the upper trunk; inside the partial ulnar nerve switch corporation, one fascicle of the ulnar nerve became transferred to the biceps department. The British scientific studies Council MRC grading machine, the attitude of elbow flexion, electromyography EMG, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand dash questionnaire scoring were used to evaluate the recovery of elbow flexion at least three years postoperatively.
The performance of motor features in phrenic nerve switch establishments come to be eighty- percentage while it modified to 80 percentage in partial ulnar nerve transfer enterprise. The exceptional costs of the angle of elbow flexion were sixty-four percent and seventy percentage in phrenic and partial ulnar nerve transfer businesses, respectively.
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Which type of enzyme, produced in the walls of the small intestine, removes single amino acids from the end of small polypeptides?
Exopeptidase enzyme, produced in the walls of the small intestine, removes single amino acids from the end of small polypeptides.
Of those five components, pepsin is the predominant enzyme worried with protein digestion. It breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids that may be without trouble absorbed inside the small intestine. Proteins are digested via the pancreatic enzymes trypsin chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.
The enzymes that act within the small intestine are amylase protease and lipase. Amylase acts on starch and breaks it down into small carbohydrate molecules. Protease acts on proteins and breaks them down into amino acids. Lipase breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. Amylase digests carbohydrates, lipase digests fat, and trypsin digests proteins. The pancreas also secretes big portions of sodium bicarbonate.
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Which statement describes what is most likely to occur once equilibrium has been established?
Choose 1 answer:
a) More molecules will be found at the bottom half of the box as compared to the top
half.
b) More molecules will be found at the top half of the box as compared to the bottom
half.
c) The molecules will no longer move across the membrane and their overall
distribution will remain equal on both sides of the membrane.
d) The molecules will continue to move across the membrane, but their overall
distribution will remain relatively equal on both sides of the membrane.
Answer:
the molecules will no longer movie across the membrane and their over all distribution will remain equal and both sides of the membrane is a right answer please brainliest answer
Answer:
The molecules will continue to move across the membrane, but their overall distribution will remain relatively equal on both sides of the membrane.
Explanation:
this is the right answer on khan the other guys that answer this question is wrong
Explain how natural selection might have played a role in the evolution of species that are tolerant of serpentine soils. (Review Concept 1.2.)
The serpentine tolerant properties are transferred to its descendants and gradually, serpentine adapted plant species have evolved
How can evolution through adaptation arise from selection?Only heritable traits in the population are affected by natural selection, which favors advantageous alleles by increasing their frequency in the population while favoring deleterious alleles by decreasing their frequency. This process is known as adaptive evolution.
Natural selection leads to evolutionary change when individuals with certain characteristics have a greater survival or reproductive rate than other individuals.
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White Blood cells cover the ____________________ and ______________________ of our body’s organs.
White Blood cells cover the immune system and defense of our body’s organs.
immune systemdefenseWhat are white blood cells?White blood cells are a set of cells produced in the bone marrow that are part of the body's immune system. Also called leukocytes, white blood cells can be found in blood, lymph, lymphoid organs, and various connective tissues.
With this information, we can conclude that Leukocytes or white blood cells are formed elements of the blood whose function is to defend against foreign organisms.
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The nervous system and endocrine system control the body's functions by?
The nervous system and endocrine system control the body's functions by influencing many aspects of human behavior.
The endocrine system and the nervous system collaborate to influence many aspects of human behavior, including reproduction, growth, and metabolism. And indeed the endocrine system is crucial in the regulation of emotions. Hormones help explain some of the observed behavioral differences between men and women because the glands in women and men differ.
A gland in the endocrine system is a collection of cells that secrete hormones. A hormone is a substance that circulates throughout the body and aids in the regulation of emotions and behaviors.
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The ____ nervous system works to monitor processes such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. the ______ nervous system is a subsystem within the autonomic system that calms the body.
The autonomic nervous system nervous system works to monitor processes such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. the peripheral nervous system nervous system is a subsystem within the autonomic system that calms the body.
What is nervous system ?Nervous system can be described as the body's command center.
This starts from the brain, which help to controls your movements, as well as thoughts and automatic responses to the world , hence autonomic nervous system nervous system works to monitor processes such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. the peripheral nervous system nervous system is a subsystem within the autonomic system that calms the body.
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Can you pick out the mossy leaf-tailed gecko lying against the tree trunk in this photo? How is the appearance of the gecko a benefit in terms of survival? Given what you learned about evolution, natural selection, and genetic information in this chapter, describe how the gecko's coloration might have evolved.
There is a good chance that the Gecko's coloring makes it simpler for it to seek insects.
It is possible that the Gecko's coloring makes it more difficult for it to be spotted by potential predators.
This is further explained below.
What is evolution?Generally, Evolution is what scientists mean when they talk about changes that take place in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over the course of several generations.
These characteristics are the results of genes being passed down from a parent to a kid during the process of reproduction. Genes are passed down from a parent to a child.
In conclusion, There is a high likelihood that the color of the gecko makes it easier for it to look for insects.
It is likely that the color of the Gecko makes it more difficult for it to be seen by prospective adversaries that would want to consume it.
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When would a hydrogen bond form?
Answer:
In order for a hydrogen bond to occur there must be both a hydrogen donor and an acceptor present.
Explanation:
Answer:
In order for a hydrogen bond to occur there must be both a hydrogen donor and an acceptor present.
Explanation:
shifting of activation center in the brain during muscle fatigue: an explanation of minimal central fatigue
Evidence suggests that a voluntary motor exercise that causes significant muscular exhaustion does not cause the overall level of cortical activation to diminish as much as the activation level of the motor neuron pool projecting to the muscle.
What is motor neuron pool?A group of motor neurons that are dispersed throughout a few levels of the spinal cord but whose axons all attach to the same muscle.
It is brought on by an issue with motor neurons, which are brain and nerve cells. These cells progressively cease producing extra energy.
You may be more susceptible to developing motor neuron disease or front temporal dementia if you have a close family who has either of these conditions.
Therefore, during muscle fatigue, shifting of activation center in the brain.
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The center of activation in the brain shift from one location to a different location once neurons within the previous location become played out.
What is Central Fatigue?
Central fatigue is outlined as a deficient drive of motor cortical output attenuating performance or perhaps stopping the activity, whereby restrictive and excitant processes are affected.
Brain is the mass of nerve tissue withinside the anterior stop of an organism.
The brain, along with the spinal cord, constitutes the central nervous system.
The development is that the brain is an organ with inbuilt redundancies: it's multiple motor centers and parallel pathways.
Therefore, it can shift from one location to other during muscle fatigue.
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Which length should be recorded for the objet
Answer: 3.3mm
Explanation:
which of the following is not a major difference between dna and rna? answer: which of the following is not a major difference between dna and rna? dna is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but rna is only found in the nucleus dna is a double-stranded helix and rna is a single-stranded helix dna uses deoxyribose and rna uses ribose as their respective pentose sugars dna contains thymine, but rna contains uracil instead
The statement that is not a major difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but RNA is only found in the nucleus (option A).
What is nucleic acid?Nucleic acid is any biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphate group, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases.
The two nucleic acids are as follows;
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Ribosenucleic acid (RNA)The difference between DNA and RNA are as follows;
DNA is a double-stranded helix while RNA is a single-stranded helix DNA uses deoxyribose while RNA uses ribose as their respective pentose sugars DNA contains thymine, but RNA contains uracil insteadTherefore, the statement that is not a major difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but RNA is only found in the nucleus.
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What parts of the cell did hydrolytic enzymes pass through on their way to lysosomes?
The cell passes through golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum on their way to lysosomes.
Esters, peptides, and glycosides are just a few of the families of biomolecules that are cleaved apart by hydrolases, also known as hydrolases. Molecules of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fats are broken down into their most basic components by hydrolytic enzymes. Organelles that are membrane bound and house digestive enzymes are called lysosomes. Lysosomes are involved in numerous cellular processes. Disassemble excess or worn cell components. They can be used to eliminate invasive bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes can help cells self-destruct when the damage is irreparable, in a process known as programmed cell death or apoptosis.Lysosomes are a special kind of acidic organelles. Therefore, it must be shielded from the rest of the cell interior.Therefore, the hydrolytic enzymes pass through Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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Which major endocrine organs described in Figure 45.9 are regulated independently of the hypothalamus and pituitary?
The major endocrine organs are pancreas, parathyroid glands, and pineal gland
An organ in the belly is called the pancreas. The process of converting the food we eat into energy for the body's cells depends on it. Exocrine function, which aids in digestion, and endocrine function, which controls blood sugar, are the pancreas' two primary tasks.
Small endocrine glands called parathyroid glands are found in the necks of tetrapods like humans.
A tiny gland in your brain called the pineal gland, also known as the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri, is situated below the back portion of the corpus callosum parathyroid glands. It is a component of your endocrine system and releases the melatonin hormone.
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Lichen is often the first organism to appear in an area that has had all life stripped from it because of some disturbance. what is lichen in this regard?
Lichen is often the first organism to appear in an area that has had all life stripped from it because of some disturbance. In this regard, lichen is the pioneer species.
In the field of ecology, pioneer species can be described as the first species that colonize a particular land that did not have growth of other life forms before or the area was disrupted due to a disaster.
It is due to pioneer species that life begins to form in a disrupted area again. Lichens are often the first kind of pioneer species to grow on barren land because they have the capability to grow on rocks. The lichens then, with the passage of time, break down these rocks so that soil can be formed. Also, lichens themselves die and their decomposition makes the soil richer with nutrients. As a result, small plants start growing on the land, and in this way, other organisms start to invade that land.
Hence, lichens are often the pioneer species that are seen in secondary succession.
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what do you notice is the main difference between the structure of the connective tissues and the structure of the epithelium? make sure to note the organization of cells in these two tissue types. how does this structure relate to function?
In the structure of epithelium, the cells are arranged in a regular fashion, either in a single layer or stacked one upon another to form many layers. Whereas in the connective tissues, the arrangement of the cells depends upon the location of the tissue, the cells are arranged irregularly. They can be either loosely packed or densely packed.
Since the function of epithelium is to form the outer layer of the skin or form the lining of organs, therefore the cells are arranged in a regular fashion to completely cover the organ they are present in.
Connective tissues have the function of supporting the other tissues or organs. For this the cells are arranged in an irregular haphazard manner so that they support the organ as well as remain light-weighed.
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the thymus: a.continues to grow throughout life, peaking in size in late middle age. b.is the largest of the lymphatic structures. c.is located high in the upper quadrant of the abdomen and lateral to the stomach. d.helps t lymphocytes mature.
The thymus is an endocrine gland that makes and helps certain white blood cells called T-lymphocytes mature. Hence, the answer is option D.
In your upper chest, just behind your sternum (breastbone) and in front of your heart, a small lymphatic gland can be found there, called the thymus. It helps to produce and train special white blood cells called T-Lymphocytes or T-cells.
The lymphatic system consists of various vessels, tissues and organs that defend against diseases and infections. They are part of the immune system. The cells that defend against diseases are called T-Lymphocytes. They are manufactured in the bone marrow, then transported to the thymus where they mature and become specialized.
The thymus gland starts to make T-Lymphocytes before birth. It is most active during childhood and stops working after puberty. At this stage, the body has all the T-Lymphocytes it needs.
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construct a steam and leaf plot using thousands (of thousands) as the stems and truncating the leaves to the tens (of thousands) digit
This is a sign you ought to truncate to produce a stem and leaf plot. Truncate a data set by simply drawing one (or more) numbers from the end of the number.
What is Stem and Leaf Plot ?
A table is used to show data in a stem and leaf plot. The initial digit or digits of the data values are displayed in the "stem," which is on the left side of the table. The final digit of the data value is displayed in the "leaf," which is on the right side of the table.
When creating a stem-and-leaf plot for data two digits the stem?
These numerals have two digits, therefore the stem is the tens digit and the leaf is the units digit. This indicates that you should truncate in order to create a stem and leaf plot. Simply take one (or more) numbers from the end of the number to truncate the data set. In the aforementioned example, 119 would turn into 11 and 863 into 86. Then you would have a leaf with a single digit and stems numbered from 1 to 8.
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which body cavity is surrounded completely by bone and provides protection to the structure (s) contained within?
The dorsal body cavity is surrounded by bone and protects the structure (s) contained within.
A body cavity is a space in the body that contains visceral organs. There are two main cavities in a body: the ventral cavity and the dorsal cavity. The major difference between the two cavities is that of space. The ventral cavity has a larger space than the dorsal cavity.
The ventral cavity is subdivided into two parts:
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. The organs in the thoracic cavity are generally bound by ribs, which are covered by pleura. The abdominopelvic cavity contains two portions that include abdominal and pelvic portions or their organs.
The dorsal cavity is smaller than the ventral cavity and lies on the dorsal side of the body. It generally contains two sub-units: the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. The cranial cavity binds the brain and the spinal cavity binds the spinal cord. Meninges are the protective membranes that cover the dorsal cavity.
The dorsal cavity protects the organs inside by protecting a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid gets pressurized and pushes back consequently protecting the brain and the spinal cord.
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you are looking under a microscope at a cell from an organism that has a diploid number of 12. the cell appears to contain 24 total chromosomes that appear to be moving away from the center of the cell. in which phase of the cell cycle is this cell?
The phase of the cell cycle in which a cell with a diploid number of 12 that contains 24 chromosomes that move away from the center of the cell is Anaphase.
What is Anaphase?Anaphase is the step of cell division (mitosis) in which chromosomes travel to the poles in order to prepare for telophase and cytoplasm division.
Metaphase is a cell division phase before anaphase in which duplicated chromosomes are along the equator of the cell.
Moreover, a diploid cell that contains 24 chromosomes in cell division will have half the amount (ie., 12 chromosomes) after this process.
In conclusion, the phase of the cell cycle in which a cell with a diploid number of 12 that contains 24 chromosomes that move away from the center of the cell is Anaphase.
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What does the wall at the edges of the cell tell you?
The wall at the edges of the cell tells a cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some types of cells and is located just outside the cell membrane.
What is a cell wall?Many cells, including plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria, have a cell wall as an outer protective membrane. Animal cells lack a cell wall. The cell wall's primary functions are to provide structure, support, and protection to the cell.
It can be tough, flexible, and rigid at times. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, as well as acts as a filtering mechanism.
Therefore, a cell wall is a systemic layer that covers some types of cells and is positioned just outside of the cell membrane.
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When sperm and ovum fuse at conception, they produce a zygote that typically has _____ chromosomes
When sperm and ovum fuse at conception, they produce a zygote that typically has 46 chromosomes.
The sperm cells and egg cells divide by a process referred to as meiosis. The process of meiosis ensures that crossing over occurs in the chromatids in order for variations to occur. It also ensures that the number of chromosomes in the gamete cells is reduced to half.
This reduction of chromosome number to half at the time of meiosis is important for maintaining the stability of chromosomes in offspring. Hence, as humans have 46 chromosomes in total, the egg cells and the sperm cell will have 23 chromosomes each.
When the sperm and ovum fuse at the time of conception, then the number of chromosomes will be maintained at 46 in the zygote being produced.
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In a short essay (100-150 words), describe at least three ways in which the structure of the lens of the human eye is well adapted to its function in vision.
The three separate layers of the human eye, which are virtually spherical in shape, each have distinctive features that correspond to the function of the eye.
What is Eye lens ?The inner layer of the eyelid is made up of a membrane structure called the conjunctiva, which is responsible for producing mucus. This mucus assists in lubricating the eye's structure and also kills microorganisms, preventing infection and facilitating smooth eye motions for clear vision.
The curved form of the eye is due to the sclera, an outer component; this curvature makes it easier to focus on both nearby and faraway objects.Another important component of the eye is the lens, which aids in concentrating light rays that enter through the pupil and transmits them to the retina layer for processing and picture generation.Learn more about Human eye here:
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PLEASE HELP!!!
ITS DUE RIGHT NOW!
Sodium ions will move out of the cell until equilibrium is attained; option A.
What is osmosis?Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration until equilibrium is attained.
Considering the cell and the solution in which it is placed in;
Therefore, sodium ions will move out of the cell until equilibrium is attained.
In conclusion, osmosis helps to maintain homeostasis.
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