Although increasing group size often leads to less effort by individuals, sometimes it can lead to greater effort. This special case is called social facilitation.
How and why does social facilitation happen?According to Norman Triplett's social facilitation hypothesis, a person's performance will change depending on whether or not there are observers present. Particularly, people often do better on straightforward or well-practiced jobs and worse on unfamiliar or difficult ones.
The two categories of social facilitation are what?Both co-action effects and audience effects are examples of social facilitation. Co-action effects: When having other people around who are working on the same thing makes one perform better. When one's performance improves only by having other people there to see them perform.
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Genetically programmed, innate patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species is called ____
Genetically programmed, innate patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species are called instincts.
Instincts are innate, genetically programmed behaviors that are exhibited by organisms of a particular species. These behaviors are often critical to an organism's survival and reproduction.
Instincts are a result of natural selection, where individuals who exhibit certain behaviors that increase their chances of survival and reproductive success are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation.
Many different types of behaviors can be considered instincts. For example, birds build nests instinctively, without having to learn how to do so.
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The largest herbivores _.
A. Have hooves
B. Live in the water
C. Are single-cell decomposers
D. Have only canine teeth
The largest herbivores have hooves. So, option A is correct. Canine teeth are not present in herbivores. Usually, canines are found in carnivorous animals, which use them to rip meat.
Animals classified as herbivores eat mostly plant matter. Land animals including elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and cattle are among the biggest herbivores. These creatures can move on land thanks to specially designed hooves that can bear their weight. They have developed a unique digestive system that enables them to efficiently take nutrients from plant matter. Manatees and dugongs are two examples of enormous aquatic herbivores, albeit they are not the biggest species overall. Single-cell decomposers are neither animals nor herbivores.
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Marnie works at a supermarket. Marnie notices that children in the supermarket often misbehave while shopping with a caregiver, and she decides to conduct an experiment to determine whether supermarket personnel can do anything to discourage the behavior. She recruits friends to serve as data collectors but makes a point not to share her hypothesis with them. One Friday from 12:00 P. M. To 2:00 P. M. , one of her research team members offers a small piece of candy to every fifth child who comes through the door with a caregiver. The child must be small enough to be placed in a shopping cart. Another team member follows and monitors the child for the occurrence of misbehaving (operationally defined as instances of screaming, loud crying, or grabbing inappropriately at merchandise or people). On the following Sunday from 12:00 P. M. To 2:00 P. M. Marnie dispatches a research team member to follow every fifth child in the targeted age range (young enough to fit in a shopping cart), but they were not to offer candy or intervene in any way. She will compare the degree to which children act out and disturb other shoppers in the two conditions. Her belief is that by distracting the child with sugar, the child will act out less. When she tallies the number of misbehaviors, she is surprised to discover that the children who received candy actually had more instances of misbehavior than those who did not.
RESULTS OF THE CANDY CONDITION
Child 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Misbehaviors 3 2 3 8 3 4 4 3 1 0
RESULTS OF THE NO-CANDY CONDITION
Child 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Misbehaviors 0 0 1 1 4 2 2 0 1 1
Identify the independent variable.
Describe Marnie’s strategy for subject assignment
The independent variable in this experiment is whether or not the children were offered candy.
Marnie's strategy for subject assignment involved selecting every fifth child who came through the door with a caregiver during the specified time frame on both Friday and Sunday. On Friday, the selected children were offered a small piece of candy, while on Sunday, the selected children were not offered independent candy or intervened with in any way. This ensured that the same criteria were used to select children in both conditions and that the only difference was whether or not they were offered candy. To maintain consistency between the two groups, Marnie chose to offer candy to the selected children on Friday but not on Sunday. This allowed her to ensure that the only difference between the two groups was whether or not they were offered candy. By doing so, Marnie was able to isolate the effect of offering candy on the behavior of the selected children. This approach to subject assignment is common in research studies, as it helps to control for extraneous variables and ensure that the results of the study are valid and reliable. By using a systematic and consistent approach to subject assignment, researchers can be more confident in the conclusions they draw from their data.
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a. Assume that medical research has
concluded that chewing ice is harmful to teeth. How does that affect the demand for
ice?
b. What happens to the supply of public bus services if the wages of bus drivers
increase?
If medical research concludes that chewing ice is harmful to teeth, the demand for ice will decrease, I'll explain why.
Medical research and demand for iceIf medical research has concluded that chewing ice is harmful to teeth, then the demand for ice will decrease.
This is because the consumers are more informed about the potential consequences on the dental health and their may stop buying or consuming ice as much as before.
Wages of bus drivers and public bus servicesWhen the wages of bus drivers increase, the cost of production of bus services will also increase.
This will cause the supply of public bus services to decrease. Since the cost of production has increased, the bus companies may not be able to provide the same level of bus services as before.
Alternatively, they may increase the price of the bus service, which would result in fewer people using the service.
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Which method was used by Martin Luther King, Jr. To protest social injustice and racial segregation?
The ideal method of nonviolence was implemented by Martin Luther King Jr. in order to protest against social injustice and racial segregation of Blacks and African Americans in the society.
The racial segregation and social injustice have always been on the cusp of social evils that have ever existed in the American societies, especially during the 19th and 20th centuries. Thus, by mid-twentieth century, reformers like Martin Luther King Jr. themselves came forward and held nonviolent protests against the elements that proved to be social evils.
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1. Determine the present worth of a series of $10,000 per year for ten years if using 12% compounded monthly. Cash Flow Dia Solution: a. $ 55,000 b. $ 57,600 c. $ 59,030
d. $ 60.220
e. $ 63,000
The present worth of a series is closest to option b. $57,600.
To determine the present worth of a series of $10,000 per year for ten years using a 12% interest rate compounded monthly, you can use the following formula:
[tex]PW = A * (1 - (1 + r/n)^(-n*t)) / (r/n)[/tex]
Where:
PW is the present worth
A is the annual payment (in this case, $10,000)r is the interest rate per year (in decimal form, so 12% would be 0.12)n is the number of compounding periods per year (in this case, 12 for monthly compounding)t is the number of years (in this case, 10)Substituting the given values into the formula, we get:
PW = 10,000 * (1 - (1 + 0.12/12)^(-12*10)) / (0.12/12) PW ≈ $57,608.75
Therefore, the answer is closest to option b. $57,600.
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8. What was Nancy Lopez was the first woman Poet of
the United States.
Dorothy Campbell, who won the Ladies' British Amateur Championship in 1909 and 1911 and finished second in 1908, was one of the earliest notable female golfers.
For what is Nancy Lopez well-known?One of the most successful golfers in the Women Professional Golf Association, Nancy Lopez has earned more than $5 million in career tournament prizes. Each year, Lopez, who was inducted into the Georgia Golf Hall of Fame in 1998, conducts charity golf outings in Albany and Stockbridge.
What difference did Nancy Lopez make?An American golfer is Nancy Lopez. She was one of the most successful female golfers of the late 1900s and the first recognised professional Latina.
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cs188 discussion sol pacman notices that clyde doesn't have any preferences, and suggests splitting this csp into two independent subproblems: one with blinky/pinky/inky, and one with clyde. then, we can solve each subproblem separately and combine the resulting assignments at the end.
This question is referring to a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) in the context of the Pacman game. In this problem, Pacman is trying to determine the preferences of the ghosts Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde.
One way to solve this problem is by splitting it into two independent subproblems, as suggested by Pacman. The first subproblem would involve determining the preferences of Blinky, Pinky, and Inky, while the second subproblem would involve determining the preferences of Clyde.
Once each subproblem is solved separately, the resulting assignments can be combined at the end to determine the overall preferences of all the ghosts. This approach can make the problem more manageable and easier to solve, since each subproblem can be solved independently of the other.
In conclusion, splitting a CSP into two independent subproblems, solving each subproblem separately, and then combining the resulting assignments at the end can be an effective way to solve the problem. This approach can make the problem more manageable and easier to solve and can help to determine the preferences of all the ghosts in the Pacman game.
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The following table presents data on 5 countries exports of certain goods. For each
country calculate the Balassa index for each good relative to the world position (the
five countries constitute the world for this problem). Discuss your findings.
Country sector Wheat cotton computers cars
A 200 600 120 330
B 140 640 900 400
C 320 620 510 320
D 98 450 340 150
E 100 80 65 40
The Balassa index calculates how specialized Dutch export goods are. It indicates that a specialized product is involved.
Defining the Balassa Index
By comparing the percentages of the same items in total export with the percentages of the same goods in other nations, the Balassa index gauges the level of specialization of Dutch export goods, but it does not assess whether other nations' export packages are the most logical ones.
What is the Balassa Index formula?
In this article, the calculation is: Balassa index = (export value of good y from the Netherlands/total Dutch export value) divided by (export value of good y from the other EU 28 countries/total export value of the other EU countries).
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You take the final step in the CLAIM method and Make the Call. True or False? The video reports information that would be deemed Good Science. A. True. B. False
Both the statements that You take the final step in the CLAIM method and Make the Call and the video reports information that would be deemed Good Science are false.
The CLAIM method is used to refer to the processes such as Check the source, Look for bias & hidden agendas, Analyze research methods, Investigate independent research and Make the call. These steps are used for several processes to understand the result and also assess the probable outcomes in a series of steps in manufacture.
The process or method claim covers the way one does something. The claim detail includes information about secondary diagnoses or procedures administered during an inpatient hospital stay.
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positive psychology takes a(n) view. a. outsider's (consultant's) view. b. manager's view c. team's view d. executive's view e. individual employee's view.
Positive psychology takes an E. individual employee's view.
Positive psychology is a perspective of psychology that focuses on understanding the emotions, values, strengths, virtues, and purpose that enable individuals to thrive and build fulfilling lives. The main goal of positive psychology is to improve well-being, resilience, and positive emotions by applying empirical and practical techniques. Positive psychology takes an individual employee's view. Individual employee's view is the answer to the question. The primary focus of positive psychology is on improving an individual's well-being, strengths, and positive emotions, and it does this by identifying and building on an individual's character strengths, which include optimism, resilience, creativity, gratitude, hope, and compassion.
As a result, positive psychology aims to enhance the individual's happiness and well-being in their personal and professional lives. In contrast, other perspectives of psychology, such as social psychology, cognitive psychology, behavioral psychology, and psychoanalytic psychology, focus on pathology, illness, abnormality, and negative emotions. Positive psychology, on the other hand, emphasizes the promotion of human flourishing and flourishing individuals. Positive psychology research has provided many practical applications and interventions that can help individuals improve their well-being and increase their life satisfaction. Some of the popular applications of positive psychology include mindfulness-based meditation, gratitude journaling, goal-setting, and strengths-based therapy. The most important thing to note is that positive psychology emphasizes the strengths of individuals and the positive aspects of their lives rather than focusing on their weaknesses and limitations.
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A machine worth P50,000 is expected to last for 3 years. During its operation, a maintenance cost of P1,000 is needed after the 1st year of operation and P2,000 at the end of the 2nd year. What present amount is required to operate the machine, if money is worth 16% compounded quarterly?
The present amount required to operate the machine is approximately P24,144.51.
To calculate the present value of the machine with maintenance costs, we need to find the present value of the costs and then subtract it from the present value of the machine. We can use a present value formula based on the money worth of 16% compounded quarterly:
[tex]PV = FV / (1 + r/n)^(n*t)[/tex]
where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the interest rate, n is the number of times interest is compounded per year, and t is the number of years.
First, let's calculate the present value of the maintenance costs. The cost of P1,000 at the end of the first year needs to be discounted for two years (8 quarters), while the cost of P2,000 at the end of the second year needs to be discounted for one year (4 quarters):
[tex]PV_maintenance = 1000/(1+0.16/4)^8 + 2000/(1+0.16/4)^4[/tex]
[tex]PV_maintenance = 2081.88[/tex]
Next, let's calculate the present value of the machine. We need to discount the purchase price of P50,000 for three years (12 quarters):
[tex]PV_machine = 50000/(1+0.16/4)^12 PV_machine = 26226.39[/tex]
Finally, we subtract the present value of the maintenance costs from the present value of the machine to get the overall present value:
[tex]PV_total = PV_machine - PV_maintenance PV_total = 24144.51[/tex]
Therefore, the present amount required to operate the machine is approximately P24,144.51.
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Calculate Bond Interest Rates. Fill in the correct answers. Please show your work
A municipal bond that matures in one year has a $5,000 face value and is currently at an interest rate of 11.11%. The initial price for this bond is $______
Suppose that inflation is exactly 1.00%. The real interest rate for the bond is _____.%
The initial price for this bond is $4,488.24, and the real interest rate for the bond is 10.99 percent.
The face value of a municipal bond that matures in one year is $5,000, and it is currently at an interest rate of 11.11 percent. The initial price for this bond is $4,488.24, and the real interest rate for the bond is 10.99 percent. Since the municipal bond that matures in one year has a $5,000 face value and is currently at an interest rate of 11.11 percent, we may use the following formula to calculate the initial price of this bond:
Initial Price = Face Value/(1 + Interest Rate)
Initial Price = $5,000/(1 + 11.11%)
Initial Price = $4,488.24
Thus, the initial price of the municipal bond is $4,488.24. We may use the following formula to determine the real interest rate for the bond when inflation is 1.00 percent:
Real Interest Rate = Nominal Interest Rate - Inflation Rate
Real Interest Rate = 11.11% - 1.00%
Real Interest Rate = 10.99%
Thus, the real interest rate for the bond is 10.99 percent.
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pls answer thisss
issue that many people of faith have with science and non-religious perspectives
is the exclusion of God. When investigating an issue, atheists will exclude any
possibility of God as they believe that it is irrational, illogical and does not answer any
questions.
For people of faith, this is a conflict as
there are ‘mysteries’ to our existence.
This means that there are things in our
existence that cannot be explained,
other than the belief of something
greater than ourselves.
Do you think this is a valid argument?
Why is this logical for them? Give reasons.
Yes, this is a valid argument. This is logical for them because they have faith in that god and believes in them.
What do you mean by atheists?
The denial of any deity or supernatural beings is known as atheism, and it is frequently motivated by logic, facts, or personal experience. Atheism has a long past that can be traced to the time of the ancient Greeks and Indians, when certain philosophers and schools of thought opposed the predominately held religious beliefs. Atheists are a diverse community with various moral, political, scientific, and cultural philosophies. While some people are outspoken activists, others are more reserved and accepting. Atheism is merely the lack of faith in the existence of any gods in a more limited sense.
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A ____________ is a parliamentary process to end a debate in the Senate.
A. markup
B. cloture
C. filibuster
D. veto
Answer:
B. cloture
Explanation:
A cloture is a parliamentary process to end a debate in the Senate.
Learning about the theories and ideas of great educators who have influenced the field of early childhood education helps us realize that today's ideas are built on those of the past. Which of the following is NOT a reason it is important to know about the great educators of the past?a. Good ideas and practices persist over time and tend to be recycled through educational thought and practices.b. Ideas expressed by early educators will help today's professionals better understand how to implement current teaching strategies.c. The past tells us what to do in the future; what has worked for one population works the same for another which helps us keep things historically even.d. Studying the beliefs of the great educators helps parents, and early childhood educators, clarify what to do, and gives insight into behavior and practice.
The correct answer is option C: "The past tells us what to do in the future; what has worked for one population works the same for another which helps us keep things historically even."
It is important to know about the great educators of the past because their theories and ideas have influenced the field of early childhood education and have helped shape today's ideas and practices.
However, it is not accurate to say that what has worked for one population will work the same for another.
Each population is unique and has different needs, so it is important to adapt teaching strategies to meet the needs of each individual population.
Therefore, option C is not a valid reason for why it is important to know about the great educators of the past.
In conclusion, while it is important to learn from the past and use the ideas and practices of great educators to inform our current teaching strategies, it is also important to recognize the unique needs of each population and adapt our strategies accordingly.
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you believe the program is meeting its goals and want to show that it is effective, as well as a good use of public funds. this is an example of which reason to evaluate programs?
The given scenario represents the “Accountability” reason for evaluating programs.
What is Program Evaluation?Program evaluation is a methodical approach of determining how well a program is working by collecting, assessing, and utilizing data. It is a form of applied research that emphasizes practical applications in real-world settings.There are numerous reasons for evaluating programs.
As mentioned, the “Accountability” reason for evaluating programs is one of them. The purpose of evaluating programs for accountability is to demonstrate whether or not they are doing what they said they would do with the money they received or with the resources allocated to them.
This is accomplished by determining whether or not the objectives were accomplished as planned, the impact of the program on the target population, the cost-effectiveness of the program, and the distribution of advantages and disadvantages among participants.
As a result, it is a tool for holding program staff accountable to funders, stakeholders, and the public. To sum up, the given scenario represents the “Accountability” reason for evaluating programs.
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Your results showed a bilingual advantage, because participants who _________, compared with those who _________, identified more correct words on an attention task. A. Attended an Ivy league school; went to a community college B. Attended a language immersion school; did not attend a language immersion school C. Earned a C in their high school foreign language class; earned a B in their high school foreign language class D. Did not attend a language immersion school; attended a language immersion school
There is a benefit to being multilingual. Those who are bilingual do better on concentration tasks than monolingual people.
Describe the immersion?It could be literal—like diving headfirst into water—or metaphorical—like entirely giving yourself over to a task.
An approach to teaching bilingually that uses two languages as instruction in a range of subjects, such as math, chemistry, or social studies, is known as immersion program, or simply immersion.
How do languages work?You can only communicate with others effectively if you have learned a complicated structure of words, syntax, and sentence structure. Language typically comes easy to most people. a set of guidelines for stringing words together to form sentences and inquiries. Language can be modified.
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Choose one of the research methods you learned about in this unit, and explain how you would use this method to conduct a study related to the effect the Information Revolution has on the people in the scenario.
Choose a research method: survey, experiment, field experiment, or secondary data analysis.
Explain the procedure you would use to accomplish your study.
Respond in 1 -2 complete sentences.
I would use a survey to conduct a study related to the effect the Information Revolution has on the people in the scenario.
What is survey ?Survey is a technique of collecting data from a group of people to obtain information about their opinions, experiences, or behaviors. It is a method of market research which involves asking a set of questions to a specific group of people and recording their responses. Survey research is used to gain insights into people's opinions, behaviors, and experiences. Surveys are typically used to collect quantitative data, but some surveys also include qualitative data. Surveys can be administered using a variety of methods, including online surveys, mail surveys, telephone surveys, face-to-face interviews, focus groups, and observation.
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For what reason does tara's father tell her grandmother it was safe for him to drive on the icy road?
Without additional context or information, it is not possible to determine the specific reason why Tara's father tells her grandmother it was safe for him to drive on an icy road.
However, in general, people may make such statements to reassure others and alleviate concerns about the safety of a particular action or decision. It is possible that Tara's father had experience driving on icy roads and felt confident in his ability to navigate the conditions safely. Alternatively, he may have been referring to the road conditions at the time, such as the presence of salt or sand on the road to improve traction. Ultimately, the specific reason would depend on the context and circumstances of the situation.
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Family studies: What if I lose a child (to anything) how can I cope or what can I do?
This is due at the end of class.
Will give brainlest.
not therapy
Explanation:
therapy is a scam and doesn't even help you. I would recommend going outside and just listening to nature. Reading also helps to take your mind off things,
jess is experiencing unusual symptoms. his libido is greatly reduced, and he is losing his facial and body hair, is tired all the time, cannot stand the cold of winter, and has really stiff joints. these symptoms are descriptive of what problem?
Jess is experiencing unusual symptoms. His libido is greatly reduced, and he is losing his facial and body hair, is tired all the time, cannot stand the cold of winter, and has really stiff joints. These symptoms are descriptive of hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism is a thyroid gland malfunction that occurs when the gland produces an insufficient amount of the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid gland is situated at the bottom of your neck. It regulates your metabolism and aids in the maintenance of various bodily functions. Hypothyroidism can be caused by a variety of factors. Some possible causes are autoimmune diseases, radiation therapy, thyroid surgery, certain drugs, and congenital defects. Furthermore, since hypothyroidism develops over time, people often mistake the symptoms for part of the normal aging process. When compared to other medical issues, the symptoms of hypothyroidism are frequently vague, and unusual, and can be ascribed to other ailments.
The treatment of hypothyroidism is dependent on the severity of the thyroid hormone deficiency. Hypothyroidism is typically treated with a daily dose of a synthetic thyroid hormone, which restores adequate hormone levels and relieves the symptoms of hypothyroidism. As a result, hypothyroidism is a curable and manageable ailment.
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Early on with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, consumers were worried about the spread of the virus and increased their demand for delivery services such as Amazon and Uber instead of shopping on their own. How did this impact the demand for delivery services?
a) Demand increased; the demand curve shifted to the right
b) Demand decreased; the demand curve shifted to the left
c) Demand was not affected
d) Demand was affected; we can't comment how.
TIME REMAINING
01:46:54
What were the economic effects of Hurricane Katrina? Check all that apply
Answer: because 146534
Explanation:
because that is the time of the casher
according to regan, the problem with god asserting that he is the moral authority is: a. we cannot truly know what god means. b. any authority requires an independent way to verify that. c. god claiming he is the moral authority sets an ideal standard. d. god claiming he is the moral authority means that people can never be moral.
The problem with God asserting that he is the moral authority is that we cannot truly know what God means.
As humans, we lack the capacity to understand and interpret God's intentions, and any authority requires an independent way to verify that. Therefore, even if God is the moral authority, we cannot truly know how to interpret and follow His moral codes.
Furthermore, if God is the moral authority, it sets an ideal standard that is difficult to reach by mere mortals. This can lead to feelings of guilt, shame, or inadequacy when people are unable to meet that standard.
Ultimately, God claiming he is the moral authority does not mean that people can never be moral; rather, it sets a higher bar for morality that can be difficult to achieve.
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Productivity is equal to:
a, the total output produced.
b. the number of workers per machine.
c real GDP divided by the number of workers:
d. real GDP divided by the population.
The statement that defines the word "productivity" is option A: the total output produced.
What is productivity?Productivity is an economic measure that calculates the quantity of output produced per unit of input used. The most frequently used input for the calculation is labor, but capital, energy, materials, and time can all be used.
Productivity, expressed as a ratio, compares output to input. Productivity is used to assess how effectively an economy or company is employing its resources.
The higher the efficiency, the more profitable the output, and the more effective the system will be. An example of productivity is a company that produces 1,000 units of a product per day, as opposed to another that makes the same product and produces 500.
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Read the sentence and identify the type of verbal used.
The alligator, moving slowly, climbed out onto the river bank to sun himself.
O Gerund
O Infinitive
O Participial phrase
O Past tense verb
The participial phrase is the type of verbal used in the sentence : The alligator, moving slowly, climbed out onto the river bank to sun himself. Hence the correct option is answer C
What is the participial phraseThe type of verbal used in the sentence is "participial phrase". The phrase "moving slowly" is a participial phrase that modifies the noun "alligator" and describes its action.
The participle "moving" is a present participle, which is formed by adding -ing to the base form of the verb "move".
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marlene intentionally parks her new sports car away from other cars in parking lots in order to avoid getting her new car dinged or chipped. is occurring in this example.
In this example, Marlene is exhibiting avoidance as a cognitive-behavioral response. The correct option is avoidance.
How does avoidance work?
Avoidance is a cognitive-behavioral response that involves avoiding certain people, situations, or activities.
This avoidance response can be motivated by negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, or anger. A person's beliefs and behaviors can be affected by avoidance responses. The avoidance response can lead to serious problems such as social isolation and low self-esteem.
Marlene is a person who has a new sports car that she is concerned about. She avoids parking near other vehicles to keep her car from getting damaged.
This is an avoidance response. People who are prone to anxiety or are concerned about their belongings frequently develop avoidance responses to prevent any harm from befalling them.
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which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? group of answer choices jeong observes his sister bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them. job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself. belinda saw mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. she is careful to clean her room because she saw mavis get a reward for doing it.
The example of vicarious punishment is Jeong observing his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots, and then chewing and swallowing his carrots even though he hates them.
Vicarious punishment is a form of learning where an individual observes someone else being punished for a behavior and then changes their own behavior to avoid similar punishment. In this example, Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting punished for spitting out her carrots and decides to avoid the same punishment by changing his own behavior and chewing and swallowing his carrots, even though he dislikes them.
The other examples are not examples of vicarious punishment. Job not smoking in the bathroom to avoid being fired is an example of operant conditioning, where behavior is modified based on consequences. Laurie following the rules to receive a smiley sticker is an example of positive reinforcement, where behavior is encouraged through rewards. Belinda cleaning her room to receive a hug is also an example of positive reinforcement.
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1. How would the following changes in price affect total revenue? That is, would total revenue increase, decrease, or remain unchanged? a. Price falls and demand is inelastic. b. Price rises and demand is elastic. c. Price rises and supply is elastic. d. Price rises and supply is inelastic. e. Price rises and demand is inelastic. f. Price falls and demand is elastic. g. Price falls and demand is of unit elasticity 2. You are chairperson of a state tax commission responsible for establishing a program to raise new revenue through excise taxes. Would elasticity of demand be important to you in determining those products on which excises should be levied? Explain.
Answer:
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Explanation:
1a. If the price falls and demand is inelastic, total revenue will decrease. This is because the decrease in price will not result in a significant increase in demand, and therefore the decrease in price will not be offset by the increase in quantity demanded.
b. If the price rises and demand is elastic, total revenue will decrease. This is because the increase in price will result in a significant decrease in demand, and therefore the decrease in quantity demanded will not be enough to offset the increase in price.
c. If the price rises and supply is elastic, total revenue will remain unchanged. This is because the increase in price will incentivize suppliers to increase production, resulting in a larger quantity supplied which will offset the increase in price.
d. If the price rises and supply is inelastic, total revenue will increase. This is because the increase in price will not significantly decrease the quantity supplied, and therefore the increase in price will be enough to offset the decrease in quantity demanded.
e. If the price rises and demand is inelastic, total revenue will increase. This is because the increase in price will not significantly decrease the quantity demanded, and therefore the increase in price will be enough to offset the decrease in quantity demanded.
f. If the price falls and demand is elastic, total revenue will increase. This is because the decrease in price will result in a significant increase in demand, and therefore the increase in quantity demanded will be enough to offset the decrease in price.
g. If the price falls and demand is of unit elasticity, total revenue will remain unchanged. This is because the increase in quantity demanded will be exactly offset by the decrease in price.
2)Yes, elasticity of demand would be important in determining which products to levy excises on. Products with a more elastic demand are more sensitive to changes in price, and therefore increasing the price through an excise tax would result in a larger decrease in quantity demanded. On the other hand, products with a more inelastic demand are less sensitive to changes in price, and therefore increasing the price through an excise tax would result in a smaller decrease in quantity demanded. Therefore, products with a more inelastic demand would be better candidates for an excise tax, as they would result in a smaller decrease in quantity demanded and therefore a larger increase in revenue.