Level 2: To create an accurate account, scientifically significant facts, events, or processes are recognized and provided in detail.
Level 1: Facts, events, or processes are named and briefly described, but it is unclear how relevant they are.
Place slide on stage. Use lowest power / 4 objective lens (initially). Adjust mirror or turn on light so light passes through slide. Move stage as close to lens as possible. Slide must not touch lens. Turn focusing the knob so that slide moves away from lens. Turn focusing knob until image comes into focus. Use fine focus to get clear image. Change objective lens to 10.10 objective lenses and 5 eyepieces, for a total magnification of 50. use the focusing knob to refocus the slideUsing a 5X objective and a 10X eyepiece, for instance, results in a total visual magnification of 50X, and vice versa.
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The magnification of microscope can be made to 50x by adjusting the parameters .
What is magnification of a microscope?
The capacity of a microscope to create an image of an object at a scale bigger (or even smaller) than its real size is known as magnification. Only when it is feasible to discern more details of an object in the image than when studying the object without the use of a magnifying glass can magnification be effective.
The steps for adjusting the magnification of microscope is given below
Set a slide on the stage. utilize a 4-objective lens at the lowest power (initially).Adjust the mirror or switch on the light to let light through the slide. Position stage as closely as possible to the lens.The lens must not touch the slide.Slide should depart from lens as you turn the focusing knob.Once the image is in focus, turn the focusing knob.Get a crisp image by using precise focus.10 objective lenses, 5 eyepieces, and a 50x magnification are the new parameters for the objective lens.reset the slide's focus by turning the focusing knob.A total visual magnification of 50X, for example, is achieved when using a 5X objective and a 10X eyepiece, and vice versa.Hence, the magnification of microscope can be made to 50x by adjusting the parameters .
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During pyruvate oxidation pyruvate is converted to a molecule of acetyl. Pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule while acetyl is a 2-carbon molecule. What do you think happened to the carbon molecule that was lost?.
The three-carbon compound pyruvate is changed into the two-carbon molecule acetyl CoA, which is joined to coenzyme A.Coenzyme A is an essential component of this process, which turns a NAD+ molecule into NADH and releases a carbon dioxide molecule.
How is pyruvate converted to acetyl?
The splitting, or lysis, of glucose is known as glycolysis.The 6-carbon glucose is broken down by glycolysis into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.In the presence or absence of oxygen, this activity takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.Four ATP and a little quantity of NADH are produced during glycolysis. Be aware that this procedure totally converts one molecule of the three-carbon organic acid pyruvate to three molecules of CO2.Four molecules of NADH, one of FADH2, and one of GTP (or ATP) are created during this process. Each pyruvate molecule loses one carbon atom during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA due to the release of carbon dioxide.When pyruvate is broken down, electrons are transferred to NAD+ to create NADH, which the cell will use to make ATP. The inputs (reactants) of pyruvate oxidation are pyruvate, NAD+, and Coenzyme A. The outputs (products) are carbon dioxide, NADH, and acetyl CoA.A carbon is removed from the three-carbon pyruvate molecule created during glycolysis to create the new, 2-carbon acetyl CoA molecule.The carbon that is extracted leaves the body as carbon dioxide (CO 2 start subscript, 2, end subscript), taking two oxygens from pyruvate with it. One carbon atom from the pyruvic acid splits off inside the matrix to create carbon dioxide, which is subsequently discharged into the atmosphere.Pyruvic acid's additional two carbon atoms rearrange to create acetic acid, which is then attached to a substance known as coenzyme A.The final product is a molecule known as acetyl-CoA. Each pyruvate molecule loses one carbon atom during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA due to the release of carbon dioxide.When pyruvate is broken down, electrons are transferred to NAD+ to create NADH, which the cell will use to make ATP. A two-part oxidation reaction using pyruvate that involves NAD+ and the co-enzyme A molecule, commonly referred to as "CoA," is one of the most researched oxidation reactions in the field.Pyruvate is oxidized in this reaction, one carbon is lost through decarboxylation, and acetyl-CoA, a new molecule, is produced.To learn more about pyruvate oxidation refer
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what would be the overall yield to produce a four-base dna strand by solid-phase synthesis if each coupling reaction had a yield of 90% and all protection/deprotection reactions had 100% yields (rounded to the nearest percent)?
To nearest percent, the overall yield is or 66% which is needed to produce a four-base dna strand by solid-phase synthesis if each coupling reaction had a yield of 90% and all protection/deprotection reactions had 100% yields .
N-protected arginine (R) residue is initially attached to resin with its C-terminal during the solid phase production of KAVR. Deprotected arginine's amino terminus undergoes interaction with N-protected valine (V). The N-protected dipeptide is also deprotected and couples with N-protected alanine (A). In order to create an N-protected tetrapeptide, the N-protected tripeptide that was previously created must be deprotected.
The tetrapeptide is liberated from the resin after being deprotected.There are therefore a total of four coupling reactions with 90% yields.Thus, the overall yield is 65.6% (66%), or 90%*90%*90%*90%.Here is another question with an answer similar to this about coupling reaction: https://brainly.com/question/28098538
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how can antisense rna inhibit translation? multiple choice an antisense rna makes a protein that inhibits translation. an antisense rna binds to a translation inhibitor protein and prevents translation. an antisense rna binds to a transcript and inhibits translation. an antisense rna forms a single stranded structure that inhibits translation.
Option b is correct. an antisense RNA binds to a translation inhibitor protein and prevents translation .
Most antisense RNAs in bacteria inhibit translation by competing with ribosomes for nascent mRNA translation initiation regions (TIRs). Through base pairing, antisense RNA is thought to inhibit translation or induce mRNA degradation. Many small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) have recently been discovered in E. coli (4-6). The vast majority of these RNA molecules work as antisense oligomers by base pairing with mRNAs. Antisense RNAs regulate gene expression at multiple levels, including replication, transcription, and translation. Furthermore, synthetic antisense RNAs have been shown to effectively regulate the expression of related genes in host cells.
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1. identify 10 biotic components of an chosen ecosystem.
Answer:
Explanation:
Biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in the ecosystem. These are
obtained from the biosphere and are capable of reproduction. Examples of
Biotic factors are animals, birds, plants, fungi, and other similar organisms.
Biotic describes a living component of an ecosystem; for example organisms, such as plants and animals.
Examples: All living things — autotrophs and heterotrophs — plants, animals, fungi, bacteria.
Living things that directly or indirectly affect organisms in
environment; organisms, interactions, waste; parasitism, and disease.
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suppose that fish size is a heritable trait in a population of fish. the allele conferring large size (s) is incompletely dominant to the allele conferring small size (s). heterozygotes (ss) are of intermediate size. suppose that a population of fish is at hardy-weinberg equilibrium and the frequency of the s allele is 0.9. what proportion of the next generation will be of intermediate size?
The proportion of dominating people in the following population is (1+4)%, or 5%.
The Hardy-Weinberg rule states that in the absence of evolutionary driving forces, allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant.
It claims that the binomial expansion of the square of the sum of p and q can be used to describe the total genotype frequencies.
The following sum equals one: (p+q) ²= p²+ 2pq + q².
In this instance, "p" represents the frequency of the dominant allele, and "q," that of the recessive allele. The expression "2pq" represents the population's frequency of heterozygotes.
The frequency of the dominant allele is given by p+q=1, while the frequency of the recessive allele is given by q = 0.9 for a certain hereditary trait. Consequently,
p=1-q
P=1-0.9 = 0.1
p²= (0.1) =0.01 or 1% of the population has a homozygous dominant genotype.
The percentage of heterozygous dominant genotypes in the population as a whole is 4% (PQ)² = 2 X 0.1 X 0.2 ".
∴ (1+4)%
=5%.
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How would the world be different if no organisms ever evolved?
However, extinction is likely to occur if conditions change faster than a species can adapt and if individuals from that species lack the characteristics necessary to live in the new environment.
What is organisms and example?A living creature that has a defined system, is capable of responding to stimuli, can reproduce, grow, adapt, and preserve equilibrium is referred to as an organism. Therefore, every animal, plant, fungus, protist, bacterium, or archaeon found on Earth would be deemed an organism.
What are organisms made of?Cells, that are regarded as the basic building blocks of life, make up every living thing. Just one organisms are clever! Atoms create molecules, which create the cellular organelles and structure within each cell. Related cells that form tissues in complex organisms.
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During which eon was the earth made of land masses all clumped together in one supercontinent called Rodinia?A. PhanerozoicB. HadeanC. ProterozoicD. Archean
The oldest of the supercontinents is called Rodinia and was formed during Precambrian between 1.1 billion and 750 million years ago. It as formed from parts of older and poorly inderstood supercontinents, being broken in the first period of the Neoproteozoic (Tonian Period). The scientists hypothesize that Rodinia as formed during the Proterozoic eon.
Which of the following is required for osmosis to occur?
A. An enzyme
B. A fully permeable membrane.
C. ATP
D. A salute concentration gradient.
Answer: (D)
Explanation:
which aspect of phospholipids is most important to the formation of bilayers? they are amphipathic. their hydrocarbon tails can consist of fatty acids or isoprene subunits. the length of their hydrocarbon tails can be altered to modulate membrane fluidity. their polar heads can interact with water.
The aspect of phospholipids that is most important to the formation of bilayers is the amphipathic molecules.
What qualities do amphipathic compounds have?Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions can both be found in amphipathic compounds. There is a sizable, lipophilic carbon molecule in the hydrocarbon portion of the compound. On the hydrophilic section with polar functional groups, there is a charge that may be cations, anions, or absent.
Why are detergent molecules amphipathic?Detergents, soaps, shampoos, and many other cleaning solutions can also transport away pollutants that are difficult to remove with just water because of the amphipathic molecules. Lye, a chemical, is used to process fatty materials, such as vegetable or animal oils, to create soap.
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In a garden ecosystem, a bee has a relationship with a flowering plant. The relationship is an example of mutualism. How are the bee and the plant affected in this relationship?
A. The bee and the plant both benefit.
B. The bee and the plant are both harmed.
C. The bee is harmed and the plant benefits.
D. The bee benefits and the plant is harmed.
Mutualism refers to the ecological interaction between two or more species in which each species benefits. It is one of the natural symbiotic relationships. Commensalism, parasitism, predation, cooperation, and competition are examples of common ecological interactions between or among species. One of the example for mutualism is the relationship between the bees and the flowering plant.
Bees fly from flower to flower collecting nectar, which they convert into food, which benefits the bees. The bees collect pollen on their hairy bodies when they land in a flower, and when they land in the next flower, some of the pollen from the first one rubs off, pollinating the plant. This is beneficial to the plants. The bees get to eat, and the flowering plants get to reproduce, due to this mutualistic relationship.
Hence, option A) is correct, as both the bee and the pant are benefitted.
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when someone is standing, gravity stretches the bottom of the lung down toward the floor to a greater extent than the top of the lung. what implications would this have on the flow of air in the lungs? where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Gravity stretches the bottom of the lung down toward the floor more than the top of the lung while someone is standing. Increased ventilation occurs further down in the lung as a result of the concentration gradient.
What is at the bottom of the lungs?The diaphragm, a skeletal muscle that aids in breathing, protects the bottom of the lungs. Breathing necessitates the synchronization of the lungs, the chest wall, and, most crucially, the diaphragm.
How does the structure of the lungs affect breathing?The mechanics of breathing are controlled by the structure of the lungs and the thoracic cavity. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and descends. The intercostal muscles contract and expand the chest wall outward. The intrapleural pressure lowers, the lungs expand, and the air is pulled into the airways.
Why is the left lobe of the lungs smaller?The left lobe is also smaller to create room for the heart. The left and right lungs are suspended by the lung root and separated by a mediastinum, which acts as a membrane divider between the two. Each lung has three surfaces, each called after its position in the thorax.
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you are performing an analysis of the long-term benefits of reproductive strategies employed by cicada species. individuals of one species reproduce once every year and produce an average of 150 offspring per year. because predators can easily predict when these cicadas will reproduce, they have evolved to efficiently hunt the yearly cicada offspring. thus, only 5 percent of these offspring will survive to reproduce. individuals of the 13-year cicada species produce an average of 250 offspring during their single mating every 13 years, and approximately 45 percent of the offspring survive to reproduce. finally, 17-year cicadas produce an average of 350 offspring per individual during their single mating every 17 years, and approximately 50 percent of the offspring survive to reproduce. over 100 years, which strategy will produce the newest cicadas? assume the 13-year and 17-year cycles all begin at year 1; that is, the first 13-year cicada reproductive event is on year 13
17-year cicadas produce an average of 350 offspring per individual during their single mating every 17 years strategy will produce the newest cicadas
How do cicadas reproduce?Once they have discovered a suitable female, cicada males sing a courting song. The female will let the male to approach and then unite end to end to mate if she is pleased with him. He will give the female a bundle of sperm during the mating procedure, which she will utilise to fertilise her eggs.
Megapomponia imperatoria, a species of cicada endemic to Malaysia, is the biggest cicada species in the world.
A membrane known as a tymbal that they inflate and contract to produce sound. When females are prepared to mate, they emit clicking noises, so they employ their sound to entice the females. The male cicadas' noises get louder as the temperature rises.
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Why can an individual be a carrier but not have the disorder?A) Because it is not expressedB) Because it does not effect the individual visiblyC) Because the individual received therapy to overcome the disorderD) Because the individual received surgery to get rid of the disorder
When a genetic disorder is not manifested means that even when is coded in the genes is not expressed, this can be due to a different factor, being the main reason that is a recessive gene masqued by the healthy dominant gene. Therefore the correct answer is letter A.
In the lytic cycle, the first stage is attachment, where the virus uses proteins on its surface to join to receptors on the host cell's membrane. What is the next stage in the lytic cycle?
Answer:
entry: the virus or its genetic material is taken into the host cell
The images show two different types of Galapagos tortoises that scientists believe descended from the same species. The first type (left) are found on islands that have high vegetation and few grasses. The second type (right) are found on an island that has large amounts of grasses and low-lying shrubs. What explains the type of turtle found on the islands with high vegetation?
The explanation for the kind of turtle found on the Galapagos islands with high vegetation: (C) Turtles possessing genes responsible for long necks had greater chances of survival and were able to attain their reproductive age.
Galapagos islands exhibit two distinct kinds of tortoises which vary in shape. The different shapes can be attributed to the distinct feeding habits that the tortoises have adapted according to the surrounding habitat.
The turtle inhabiting the islands with high vegetation possessed long necks as compared to the second type of turtle which feed largely on grasses and low-lying vegetation. Since the second type of turtle inhabited the region with low-lying vegetation, therefore, raising their heads in order to feed, was not essential to them.
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a genomic library is a: group of answer choices collection of dna fragments from all the chromosomes, inserted into vectors a complete set of genes, inserted into vectors series of dna fragments from the genome generated by pcr collection of mrna molecules cloned into vectors
A genomic library is a collection of DNA fragments from all the chromosomes. Option A.
A genomic library is a collection of overlapping segments of genomic DNA cloned into backbone vectors that statistically span all regions of an organism's genome. The resulting cloned DNA is then transformed into a suitable host cell line. A genomic library is a collection of all genomic DNA from one organism.
A genomic library or gene bank is a complete collection of cloned DNA fragments that make up the entire genome of an organism. It represents all genes including expressed, non-expressed, introns, exons. Genomic libraries can be stored for years and copies can be used for research purposes. Like traditional libraries, gene libraries are used to collect and store information as a set of DNA molecules. All gene libraries are collections of DNA fragments representing a particular biological system of interest.
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What part of the brain is the arrow pointing to in the diagram below?
Pituitary gland
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex
a bacterium underwent a missense mutation. which of the following has changed? a. just its phenotype b. just its genotype c. both its genotype and phenotype d. neither its genotype nor phenotype
When a bacterium undergoes a missense mutation, only its genotype changes.
While occasionally spontaneous mutations may occur that cause it to change, genotype often remains constant from one environment to another. A broad variety of phenotypes can be produced by the same genotype when it is exposed to various environments.
What are missense mutations?
A missense mutation is a DNA alteration that causes the protein produced to encode a different amino acid at a specific location. Some missense mutations change how the resulting protein functions. Missense mutations, which modify an amino acid in a protein without changing how it functions, can also be benign.
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What famous geneticist worked in a monastery studying pea plants
Answer:
Explanation:
Gregor Mendel
In noncyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons passed down through the electron transport system are obtained from?.
In non cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons passed down through the electron transport chain are obtained from water.
Non-cyclic phosphorylation have two Photosystems;
1. photosystem I
2. Photosystem II.
They work in series, first PS II and then PS I and are connected through electron transport chain. Electrons moved from PS II and then passed on to PS I.
The release of electrons from PS II can be replaced by some other electrons which can be came by splitting of the water molecule. The complex responsible for splitting of water molecule is present on PS II. Water molecule is converted into H⁺ , O and electrons are released which can be move through electron transport chain.
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Why is there a need to produce okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of dna?.
There is a need to produce Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of DNA due to the polarity of the strands.
Since new strand synthesis occurs in the 3' to 5' direction,
Okazaki fragments must be produced in the lagging strand during DNA replication. However, only the 5' to 3' orientation can be used by the DNA polymerase to create the strand.
Due to this antagonism, DNA polymerase constantly comes into contact with the strand that was previously created. The synthesis of the new strand occurs in a 5' to 3' direction since the two strands of DNA tend to be anti-parallel, therefore this opposition does not occur in the case of the leading strand.
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all of the energy is released as heat when protons (h ) flow from high to low concentration through the group of answer choices atp synthase in mitochondria. atp synthase in chloroplasts. uncoupling protein in mitochondria. photosynthetic electron transport chain. mitochondrial electron transport chain.
A proton is one of the three essential elements of an atom. Atoms contain protons in their nucleus. At the core of each atom, there is a minuscule, dense area.
What is protons?A proton is a stable subatomic particle with the symbols p, H+, or 1H+ and an electric charge of +1 e. Its mass is 1836 times greater than that of an electron and only slightly less than that of a neutron.Every atom has a proton, a subatomic particle, in its nucleus. The particle possesses an electrical charge that is positive and opposite to the electron's.A proton is one of the three essential elements of an atom. Atoms contain protons in their nucleus. At the core of each atom, there is a minuscule, dense area.To learn more about protons refer to:
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In what way does the dialysis tubing represent the cell?
Answer:
The dialysis tubing itself represents the cell membrane.
Explanation:
When the dialysis tubing is filled with liquid the entire system is supposed to represent a cell. The solution inside the dialysis tubing represents the concentration inside the cell.
a bacterial cell has a nonsense mutation in the gene that codes for hexokinase, an enzyme used during glycolysis. this mutation is most likely to affect the expression of this gene by
A nonsense mutation in the gene that codes for hexokinase will most likely to affect the expression of this gene by causing early termination during the elongation cycle of translation.
In the field of science, a nonsense mutation can be described as a kind of mutation that causes a stop codon to occur at a place where there still needs to be another amino acid.
As a result of nonsense mutation, the proteins that will be formed will be shorter and dependent on where the stop codon is added in the sequence.
Hence, if a nonsense mutation occurs in the hexokinase enzyme then this means that the translation process will terminate early. The hexokinase formed will be shorter and unfinished.
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Moving very large molecules out of the cell using a vesicle from the cell membrane is known as?
Answer: exocytosis
Explanation:
- When molecules are too large or too charged to cross the plasma membrane by diffusion or osmosis, they use vesicular transport, also known as exocytosis. In vesicular transport/exocytosis, vesicles allow large molecules to exit the cell because the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and its contents spill out.
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A person contracts a virus that destroys white blood cells and, as such, is prone to infections. Which signaling pathway has been affected?.
A person contracts a virus which destroys the white blood cells and, as such, becomes prone to infections. In this case, the signaling pathway which gets affected is NF-κB pathway.
What is Immune system?The immune system is responsible for recognizing the invaders by their antigens, which are mostly proteins that are present on the surface of the invading cells. Every cell in the body has its own specific antigens, and a individual's cell carries “self-antigens” that are unique to that individual only and act as antigens to other individual.
An elevation in the level of lymphocytes is an indication of the condition known as lymphocytic leukocytosis. This condition may occur as a result of a virus or any other infection, such as tuberculosis.
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Example A: A person ate a ham sandwich and ran a race. She finished in first place.
Claim: The ham sandwich was the reason she won, and she should eat ham sandwiches before all her races.
Example B: A person ate different meals before 20 races that he ran. For ten races, he ate spaghetti before the race and finished in either first, second, or third place. For the other ten races, he ate fried chicken and finished in second place once, but finished in sixth or seventh place in the rest of the races.
Claim: Spaghetti helped his performance, and he should eat spaghetti before all his races.
Which claim is based on higher-quality evidence?
Answer:
Explanation:
there are more trials, that contain solid results, rather than a 1 time, so bee(I can't type the letter by itself for some reason)
Question: Why don't birds get electrocuted when they are on an electric wire.
I need answer ASAP Thank You
Answer:
Birds sitting on an electric wire don't touch the ground, so any electricity that’s flowing stays in the power line and they are not electrocuted.
In a photosystem, clusters of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid pigments function most like?.
(C) "an antenna" is what clusters of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid pigments function most like in a photosystem.
The light processes are crucially influenced by photosystems, sizable protein and pigment (light-absorbing molecule) complexes that are designed to capture light. The two different kinds of photosystems are the PSI and the PSII (PSII).
Numerous pigments that aid in the absorption of light energy may be found in both photosystems, along with a unique pair of chlorophyll molecules that are located at the core (reaction center) of the photosystem.
Clusters of the carotenoid, chlorophyll a, and b, carotenoid pigments in a photosystem act most like an antenna.
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Question correction:
In a photosystem, clusters of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid pigments function most like
A) a spring.
B) a propeller on a motorboat.
C) an antenna.
D) a windmill
in this study, scientists investigated the interactions between actin filaments (microfilaments) and myosin motor proteins. why is it important to understand the interaction of these components of the cytoskeleton?
It is important to understand the interaction between actin filaments (microfilaments) and myosin motor proteins because there interactions accomplish a variety of functions such as determining the cell shape.
It is important to understand the interaction between the actin filaments and the myosin motor proteins because:
Cytoplasmic streaming that occurs in plant cells is a result of the interaction between the actin filaments and the myosin motor proteins.The white blood cells, which play an important role in the defense of the body move toward the antigens due to this interaction.It is due to the interaction between actin and myosin that the movement of chromosomes occurs during the process of cell division.Cilia and flagellar regulate movement due to this interaction.Cell shape is determined due to this interaction.To learn more about actin filaments, click here:
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