A metallic sphere has 100 LC charge. If the sphere contains 2 x 1016 electrons present on the sphere will be protons, the total number of 206.2 x 1016 206.2 x O 1012 206.2 x 1014 206.2 x 1010 O

The amount of heat energy required to melt the ice cubes can be calculated using the formula qm = m * lf, where lf is the latent heat of fusion.

To determine the amount of heat energy (qm) needed to melt the ice cubes, we can use the formula qm = m * lf, where m represents the mass of the ice cubes and lf is the latent heat of fusion.

The latent heat of fusion (lf) is a property of the substance and denotes the amount of energy required to change a unit mass of the substance from solid to liquid at a constant temperature. By multiplying the mass of the ice cubes by the latent heat of fusion, we can calculate the total heat energy needed for melting the ice cubes.

It is essential to consider the units of measurement (such as kilograms for mass and joules for energy) to ensure accurate calculations. To further explore the concepts of latent heat and phase transitions, one can delve into resources on thermodynamics and physical chemistry.

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The focal length is the distance, in millimeters, between the lens' optical center and the camera sensor, which records light data.

Thus, The elements inside the housing of a lens bend and shape light as it enters the front so that it converges into a single point of focus known as the "optical center."

It is crucial to remember that this measurement is made with the camera set to infinity and that lenses are named according to their focal length, which is indicated on the lens' barrel.

They offer a broad field of view, focal length lenses are utilized in architectural, documentary, and landscape photography. Since subjects seem smaller via these wide-angle lenses, photographers must move closer to fill the frame.

Thus, The focal length is the distance, in millimeters, between the lens' optical center and the camera sensor, which records light data.

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The power output of the fly as it walks straight up a windowpane at 2.8 cm/s is approximately 1.143 × 10^-6 W.

To calculate the power output of the fly, we need to know the amount of work it is doing per unit time, which is the definition of power.

The work done by the fly can be calculated as the product of the force it exerts and the distance it moves:

W = Fd

where W is the work done, F is the force, and d is the distance moved.

The force exerted by the fly can be calculated using Newton's second law:

F = ma

where m is the mass of the fly and a is its acceleration.

In this case, the fly is moving at a constant speed, so its acceleration is zero and the force required to maintain this speed is equal to the force of gravity acting on the fly:

F = mg

where g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2).

The distance moved by the fly in a given time is equal to its speed times the duration of that time:

d = vt

where v is the speed of the fly and t is the time.

Plugging in the values given in the problem, we get:

m = 15 mg = 0.015 g

v = 2.8 cm/s = 0.028 m/s

d = vt = (0.028 m/s)(1 s) = 0.028 m

F = mg = (0.015 g)(9.8 m/s^2) = 0.147 N

W = Fd = (0.147 N)(0.028 m) = 0.004116 J

Finally, the power output of the fly is given by:

P = W/t

where t is the time interval over which the work is done. Since we don't have this information, we can't calculate the power output directly. However, we can make an estimate by assuming that the fly can sustain this activity for a long period of time, say one hour (3600 seconds). In this case, the power output would be:

P = W/t = 0.004116 J / 3600 s = 1.143 × 10^-6 W

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The maximum current in the circuit is approximately 15.09 amperes.

To determine the oscillation frequency of the LC circuit, we can use the formula:

f = 1 / (2π√(LC))

a) Let's calculate the oscillation frequency (f) using the given values:

L = 19 mH = 19 × 10^(-3) H (converted to henries)

C = 1.4 µF = 1.4 × 10^(-6) F (converted to farads)

Substituting these values into the formula, we have:

f = 1 / (2π√((19 × 10^(-3)) × (1.4 × 10^(-6))))

Calculating this value gives us approximately:

f ≈ 1110.42 Hz

Therefore, the oscillation frequency of the LC circuit is approximately 1110.42 Hz.

b) To find the maximum current (Imax) in the circuit, we can use the formula:

Imax = Vmax / √(L/C)

Where:

Vmax = maximum potential difference between the plates of the capacitor = 55 V

L = inductance = 19 × 10^(-3) H (converted to henries)

C = capacitance = 1.4 × 10^(-6) F (converted to farads)

Substituting these values into the formula, we have:

Imax = 55 V / √((19 × 10^(-3)) / (1.4 × 10^(-6)))

Calculating this value gives us approximately:

Imax ≈ 15.09 A

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The correct statements are: Heat flows from the ice cubes into the water, Heat flows from the cup into the air in the room.

Heat flows from the ice cubes into the water because heat always flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. In this case, the ice cubes have a lower temperature than the water, so heat flows from the ice cubes to the water, causing the ice to melt.

This statement is false. Heat does not flow from the water into the ice cubes because the water has a higher temperature than the ice cubes. Heat would only flow from the water to the ice cubes if the water were somehow colder than the ice.

Heat flows from the cup into the air in the room because the cup is in contact with the air, and heat transfers occur between objects at different temperatures. The cup, which is at a higher temperature than the air in the room, transfers heat to the surrounding air.

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Apologies for the confusion. Please provide me with more details so that I can accurately calculate the torque on the system. Specifically, I need the following information:

1. The distance between the point of application of the force and point "a."

2. The magnitude of the force applied.

3. The direction of the force applied (preferably as an angle or vector).

Once I have these details, I can proceed with calculating the torque on the system about location "a."

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If a 6.0cm tall object is placed 20cm in front of a convex mirror with focal length -100cm, then the size of the image formed is 7.5cm. Therefore, the correct option is option 5.

To find the size of the image formed, we can use the mirror formula and magnification formula for a convex mirror. The mirror formula is:

1/f = 1/d + 1/di

where f is the focal length (-100cm), d is the object distance (20cm), and di is the image distance. Solving for di, we get:

1/di = 1/f - 1/d

1/di = 1/(-100) - 1/20

1/di = -1/100 + 5/100

1/di = 4/100

di = 100/4 = 25cm

Now that we have the image distance, we can use the magnification formula:

M = hi/h = -di/d

where M is the magnification, hi is the image height, and h is the object height (6.0cm). We can now solve for hi:

hi = M * h = (-di/do) * h

hi = (-25/20) * 6.0

hi = (-5/4) * 6.0

hi = -7.5cm

The negative sign indicates that the image is inverted. So, the size of the image formed is 7.5cm which corresponds to option 5.

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An accurate sketch of Jupiter's orbit around the Sun would show an elliptical shape, with the Sun located at one of the two foci of the ellipse.

The distance between Jupiter and the Sun varies as Jupiter moves along its orbit, with the closest point (perihelion) being approximately 741 million kilometers and the farthest point (aphelion) being approximately 817 million kilometers. Jupiter's orbit is also tilted at an angle of approximately 1.3 degrees relative to the plane of the ecliptic, which is the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun.

Jupiter's orbit is also tilted slightly with respect to the plane of the ecliptic, which is the plane that the Earth's orbit around the Sun lies in. This means that Jupiter's orbit is inclined at an angle of approximately 1.3 degrees to the ecliptic plane.

Jupiter's orbit is relatively large compared to the other planets in the solar system, with an average distance from the Sun of approximately 778 million kilometers (484 million miles). It takes Jupiter about 11.86 Earth years to complete one orbit around the Sun.

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Potential energy stored in a spring that has been displaced from its equilibrium position by a distance x can be calculated using the formula: U = (1/2) k x^2 where U is the potential energy stored in the spring, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement from equilibrium.

k = 2302 N/m and the mass attached to the spring is given as m = 269 kg.

The mass is displaced from equilibrium by a distance A = 0.82 m.

Potential energy stored in the spring as follows:

U = (1/2) k A^2.

U = (1/2) (2302 N/m) (0.82 m)^2.

U = 755.8 J.

Therefore, the potential energy stored in the spring as a result of displacing the mass by 0.82 m is approximately 755.8 J.

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Eddies eventually dissipate because of losing their chemical and thermal identity, fluid friction, and loss of energy of motion.

Eddies are swirling patterns of fluid motion that can be found in many natural systems, such as rivers and oceans. Over time, these eddies lose their distinctiveness and dissipate and one reason for this is that they lose their chemical and thermal identity, which means that the unique characteristics of the eddy become mixed with the surrounding fluid and can no longer be distinguished. Another reason eddies dissipate is due to fluid friction. As the eddy interacts with the surrounding fluid, it encounters resistance, or friction, which gradually reduces its speed and motion, this process causes the eddy to lose energy and ultimately disappear.

Lastly, the loss of energy of motion contributes to the dissipation of eddies. As eddies encounter resistance and lose speed, their kinetic energy is converted to other forms of energy, such as heat, this loss of energy of motion eventually causes the eddy to break down and dissipate. So therefore eddies eventually dissipate due to several factors, including  losing their chemical and thermal identity, fluid friction, and loss of energy of motion.

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The correct answer is option c: 79.6 V.

To calculate the output voltage of the transformer, we can use the turns ratio formula:

\( \frac{V_{\text{primary}}}{V_{\text{secondary}}} = \frac{N_{\text{primary}}}{N_{\text{secondary}}} \)

Where:

\( V_{\text{primary}} \) is the primary voltage (input voltage),

\( V_{\text{secondary}} \) is the secondary voltage (output voltage),

\( N_{\text{primary}} \) is the number of turns in the primary winding, and

\( N_{\text{secondary}} \) is the number of turns in the secondary winding.

Plugging in the given values, we have:

\( \frac{118}{V_{\text{secondary}}} = \frac{445}{300} \)

Now, let's solve for \( V_{\text{secondary}} \):

\( V_{\text{secondary}} = \frac{118 \times 300}{445} \)

Calculating this value gives us approximately 79.6 V.

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The force vectors involved in the given scenario.

When a weightlifter stands up at a constant speed from a squatting position while holding a heavy barbell across their shoulders, several force vectors come into play. Here's a description of these force vectors:

Force exerted by the weightlifter's muscles: In order to stand up from a squatting position while holding the barbell, the weightlifter's muscles generate a force that acts vertically upward. This force counteracts the gravitational force, allowing the weightlifter to lift themselves and the barbell against gravity.

Please note that the orientation and relative magnitudes of these force vectors may vary depending on the weightlifter's posture and the specific details of the scenario.

It is also important to consider that these force vectors are not the only forces acting in this situation, but they are the main forces involved in enabling the weightlifter to stand up while holding the barbell.

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Higher false recall and recognition responses are  predicted by several factors;(1)Similarity or overlap,(2)Misleading information,(3)Source confusion,(4)Emotional arousal,(5)Memory decay or interference.

Higher false recall and recognition responses can be predicted by several factors:

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The power if it takes 300 joules of work to move a piece of furniture 30 meters in 15 seconds is  

Power may be defined as the amount of work completed in a given amount of time. Watt (W), which is derived from joules per second (J/s), is the SI unit of power. Horsepower (hp), which is roughly equivalent to 745.7 watts, is a unit of measurement sometimes used to describe the power of motor vehicles and other devices.

Work is the result of a force creating a displacement. The length of time that this force exerts to generate the displacement has nothing to do with work. The pace of the process might vary from being completed fast to taking a while. A rock climber, for instance, takes an unusually lengthy time to raise her body a few metres up the cliff's edge.

On the other hand, a trail hiker who chooses the simpler route up the mountain may quickly raise her body a few metres. The amount of labour performed by the two individuals may be equal, yet the hiker completes the task in a lot less time than the rock climber.

Power = Work/ Time

= 300 / 15

Power = 20 Watts.

Therefore, the power is given by 20 Watts.

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An electron moving in the xy-plane experiences a magnetic force exerted by a magnetic field. At a specific time, the magnetic field has a magnitude of 0.200 T in the ±y-direction, resulting in a force of 5.50 x 10^18 N in the -y-direction on the electron.

When a charged particle such as an electron moves through a magnetic field, it experiences a force known as the magnetic force. The magnetic force acting on a charged particle is given by the equation F = qvBsinθ, where F is the force, q is the charge of the particle, v is its velocity, B is the magnetic field strength, and θ is the angle between the velocity vector and the magnetic field vector.

In this case, the electron is moving in the xy-plane, and the magnetic field has a magnitude of 0.200 T in the ±y-direction. The force experienced by the electron is given as F = 5.50 x 10^18 N in the -y-direction. Since the magnetic field and the force are both in the y-direction, we can deduce that the angle between the velocity of the electron and the magnetic field is 90 degrees (θ = 90°).

Using the formula for the magnetic force, we can rearrange it to solve for the velocity of the electron: v = F / (qBsinθ). Given the force and the magnetic field values, we can substitute them into the equation along with the charge of an electron (q = -1.6 x 10^-19 C) to find the velocity.

It's important to note that the velocity vector of the electron will be perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the force acting on it. The specific magnitude and direction of the velocity can be determined by further calculations or additional information provided.

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The intensity at ±5.50∘ from the center of the central maximum at the distant antenna can be calculated using the concept of diffraction. The intensity at this angle can be found by applying the formula for the intensity distribution of a single slit diffraction pattern.

In a single slit diffraction pattern, the intensity distribution can be given by the formula:

I(θ) = (I₀ * sin²(π * b * sin(θ) / λ)) / (π * b * sin(θ) / λ)²,

where I₀ is the maximum intensity, b is the width of the slit, λ is the wavelength of the wave, and θ is the angle from the center of the central maximum.

In this case, the maximum intensity (I₀) is given as 3.00 W/m². To find the intensity at ±5.50∘ from the center of the central maximum, we can substitute the values into the formula. However, to calculate the intensity accurately, we would need to know the wavelength of the wave and the width of the slit. Without this information, it is not possible to provide a precise numerical value for the intensity at ±5.50∘.

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To determine the magnitude of the upward force that the coaster seat exerts on a 48 kg passenger, we need to consider the forces acting on the passenger at the top of the vertical circular hump.

At the top of the hump, the passenger experiences both the force due to gravity (mg) and the normal force (N) exerted by the seat. The net force acting on the passenger is the difference between these two forces.

1. Force due to gravity:

The force due to gravity is given by mg, where m is the mass of the passenger (48 kg) and g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s^2).

F_gravity = m * g

2. Normal force:

The normal force is the force exerted by the seat on the passenger and acts perpendicular to the seat's surface. At the top of the hump, the normal force must be greater than the force due to gravity to provide the required centripetal force for circular motion.

To calculate the normal force, we use the equation:

F_net = F_gravity + N

At the top of the hump, the net force is the centripetal force required for circular motion:

F_net = m * (v^2 / r)

where v is the velocity of the coaster car (8.0 m/s) and r is the radius of the circular hump (12 m).

Setting the net force equal to the sum of the force due to gravity and the normal force, we have:

m * (v^2 / r) = m * g + N

Rearranging the equation to solve for the normal force:

N = m * (v^2 / r) - m * g

Substituting the given values:

N = 48 kg * ((8.0 m/s)^2 / 12 m) - 48 kg * 9.8 m/s^2

Calculating the value of N:

N ≈ 384 N - 470.4 N

N ≈ -86.4 N

The negative sign indicates that the normal force is directed downward. However, since we are interested in the magnitude of the upward force, we ignore the negative sign:

Magnitude of the upward force = |N| = 86.4 N

Therefore, the magnitude of the upward force that the coaster seat exerts on the 48 kg passenger is approximately 86.4 N.

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It will be 4 billion years old before we receive light from the supernova.

A supernova that happens 100 light years distant would take around 100 years for the matter to reach Earth.

This is due to the fact that a light year is the distance that light travels in a year and that light has a speed of 299,792,458 meters per second, or roughly 186,282 miles per second.

Therefore, if an event were to occur 100 light years from Earth, it would take 100 years for the light (and any substance) from that event to arrive on Earth.

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Option D is the correct answer. The engineers want to design the crash attenuator for safety by decreasing Δt so that the impact force will decrease. Δt represents the time interval over which the collision occurs. Hence the correct answer is option D)

Option D is the correct answer. The engineers want to design the crash attenuator for safety by decreasing Δt so that the impact force will decrease. Δt represents the time interval over which the collision occurs. By decreasing Δt, the time taken for the impact to occur will be reduced, which in turn reduces the impact force. This will help to minimize the damage caused to the vehicle and passengers in the event of a collision. By designing the crash attenuator to decrease the impact force, the engineers aim to provide a safer environment for drivers and passengers on the road. Therefore, option D is the best explanation for how the engineers want to design the crash attenuator for safety. Therefore the correct answer is option D).

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The statement, "Static friction is always equal to latex: \mu_s n." is false.

Static friction is the force that opposes the motion of an object when it is in contact with another surface. It is not always equal to the product of the coefficient of static friction (latex: \mu_s) and the normal force (n). Instead, static friction is dependent on the applied force and can vary between 0 and the maximum static friction (latex: \mu_s n).

To understand this better, follow these steps:

1. Identify the applied force on the object. This could be pushing or pulling force, gravity, or any other force that tries to move the object.
2. Calculate the maximum static friction by multiplying the coefficient of static friction (latex: \mu_s) with the normal force (n): latex: F_{max} = \mu_s n.
3. Compare the applied force to the maximum static friction:
  a. If the applied force is less than the maximum static friction, static friction will be equal to the applied force to prevent the object from moving.
  b. If the applied force is equal to the maximum static friction, the object is at the verge of moving.
  c. If the applied force is greater than the maximum static friction, the object will start moving, and the static friction no longer applies.

In conclusion, static friction is not always equal to latex: \mu_s n but rather depends on the applied force, and it can range between 0 and the maximum static friction.

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The "P" in the tire size code "P205/55R16 89H" stands for "Passenger". It indicates that the tire is designed for passenger vehicles, such as cars and small SUVs. This code describes the tire's size, type, load carrying capacity, and speed rating.

Load carrying capacity refers to the maximum weight or load that a structure, machine, or material can safely support without failure. The load carrying capacity of a structure depends on various factors such as its material properties, size, shape, design, and the distribution of the load.

For example, the load carrying capacity of a bridge depends on the strength of its support structure, the weight and distribution of the vehicles crossing it, and the condition of the bridge components such as the roadway and the cables.

Similarly, the load carrying capacity of a steel beam depends on its dimensions, the material properties of the steel, the manner in which it is supported, and the type of load it is expected to carry.

Engineers and designers use various tools and techniques to determine the load carrying capacity of structures and materials. These include computer simulations, physical testing, and mathematical modeling. They must also consider safety factors and potential failure modes in their calculations to ensure that the structure or material is not overstressed and can withstand unexpected loads or events.

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Hello :)

Answer:

Sonic booms

Explanation:

When a jet breaks the sound barrier, most sonic booms can be heard as a short but loud clap of thunder. The intensity of a sonic boom does not change with higher or lower acceleration, rather, it is affected by the size of the airplane, e.g., a larger aircraft will displace a larger amount of air, resulting in a larger boom.

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The maximum wavelength of light that a certain silicon photocell can detect is 1.11 μm.

Silicon photocells are semiconductor devices commonly used for converting light energy into electrical energy. They operate based on the principle of the photoelectric effect, where photons of light interact with the semiconductor material to release electrons.

In the case of silicon photocells, silicon is the semiconductor material used. Silicon has a bandgap energy that determines the range of wavelengths it can effectively absorb. Wavelengths longer than the maximum value cannot provide sufficient energy to excite electrons across the bandgap.

The maximum wavelength, often referred to as the cutoff wavelength, is the boundary beyond which the photocell becomes less sensitive or unresponsive to light. In this case, the maximum wavelength is given as 1.11 μm.

It's important to note that different semiconductor materials have different cutoff wavelengths based on their bandgap energies. Silicon has a relatively moderate bandgap energy, which limits its sensitivity to longer wavelengths compared to materials with narrower bandgaps.

By setting the maximum wavelength at 1.11 μm, the silicon photocell is optimized to detect light in the infrared region. This makes it suitable for applications where infrared radiation is of interest, such as remote sensing, night vision devices, or certain types of communication systems.

In summary, the maximum wavelength of 1.11 μm indicates the limit of sensitivity for a silicon photocell. It defines the boundary beyond which the photocell becomes less effective in converting light energy into electrical energy, as the photons in that range do not possess sufficient energy to excite electrons across the bandgap of the silicon material.

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No, the period of a pendulum does not depend on the mass of the pendulum, but on its length and gravitational acceleration.

The period of a pendulum (time taken for one complete oscillation) is governed by the formula T = 2π√(L/g), where T is the period, L is the length of the pendulum, and g is the gravitational acceleration. As you can see, mass is not a factor in this equation. To experimentally verify this, you can:
1. Set up two pendulums of the same length but with different masses.
2. Securely attach each mass to a string or rod of the same length.
3. Release both pendulums from the same angle simultaneously.
4. Measure the time taken for each pendulum to complete a certain number of oscillations.
5. Compare the periods of both pendulums.

You will find that their periods are nearly identical, confirming that mass does not affect the period of a pendulum.

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According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conducting loop. This EMF, in turn, leads to the creation of an induced current in the loop.

When the external magnetic field is decreasing with time, the induced magnetic field is generated in a way that opposes the decrease. This principle is known as Lenz's law. The induced magnetic field lines exert a force that tries to maintain the status quo, resisting the change in the external magnetic field.

By generating an opposing magnetic field, the induced field effectively works against the decrease in the external magnetic field. This behavior is a manifestation of the law of conservation of energy. The induced magnetic field counters the change, exerting an influence to maintain the overall magnetic flux as constant as possible.

In summary, when an external magnetic field decreases with time, the induced magnetic field is produced in a direction that opposes the change, following Lenz's law.

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The characteristics of the image are  virtual, upright, and magnified.

When an object is placed between 2f  and f  ( 2f > x₀ > f) of a concave lens, the resulting image formed will be virtual, upright, and magnified.

From the given position of the object which is described the by the equation given, we can explain it as follows;

2f > x₀ > f

where;

From the ray diagram, the object is thick in colour meaning it is real, the image formed is faint in colour meaning it is virtual.

Also the height of the image formed is longer than that of the object meaning the image is magnified.

Finally, the image formed is upright while the object is inverted downwards.

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The kind of nuclear reaction that have been shown by the equation is a nuclear fission reaction.

The splitting of atomic nuclei, specifically heavy nuclei like uranium-235 (U-235) or plutonium-239 (Pu-239), is known as nuclear fission. The process involves splitting an atom's nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei, which releases a considerable quantity of energy.

A heavy nucleus is neutron-bombarded to start the fission process. The nuclear excitation process occurs when the nucleus becomes unstable after absorbing the neutron. The nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei as a result of this excitation, releasing more neutrons and a significant quantity of energy.

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The frequency of a sinusoidal signal can be determined by calculating the time period between two consecutive peaks and taking the reciprocal of that value.

In this case, the time difference between the first peak at -8 ms and the second peak at 2 ms is 10 ms. Therefore, the time period of the signal is 10 ms.

To find the frequency, we take the reciprocal of the time period, which gives us 1/10 ms. Simplifying this, we convert the time period to seconds by dividing it by 1000, resulting in 1/0.01 s. Evaluating this expression, we find that the frequency of the sinusoidal signal is 100 Hz. This means that the signal completes 100 cycles per second, indicating a high frequency for the given waveform.

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A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 2.10. Each cycle it absorbs 3.40 x 10^4 J of heat from the cold reservoir.

The coefficient of performance (COP) is a measure of how efficient a refrigeration system is. It is defined as the ratio of the heat absorbed from the cold reservoir to the mechanical energy input. In this question, we are given the COP and the heat absorbed from the cold reservoir, and we are asked to find the mechanical energy input.
The mechanical energy required per cycle is 1.62 x 10^4 J.

To find the mechanical energy (W) required per cycle, we need to use the formula for the coefficient of performance (COP) for a refrigerator:
COP = Qc / W
where Qc is the heat absorbed from the cold reservoir and W is the mechanical work input. Given the COP is 2.10 and the heat absorbed (Qc) is 3.40 x 10^4 J, we can rearrange the formula to solve for W:
W = Qc / COP
W = (3.40 x 10^4 J) / 2.10
W ≈ 1.62 x 10^4 J
So, the mechanical energy required per cycle is approximately 1.62 x 10^4 J.

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The value of the spring constant of this spring will be 50,000 N/m, which has a equilibrium length of 0.100m applied by 40N force.

Explanation:

Formula for the spring force is given as- F = (1/2) kx²

where, F = force, k= spring constant and x = change in length of the spring.

Change in length of the spring = Changed length - equilibrium length

Change in length of the spring(x) = 0.140m - 0.100m = 0.040m Putting the values as F = 40.0 N, x = 0.040m, k =?

F = (1/2) kx²40 = (1/2) × k × (0.040)²k = 80/0.0016k = 50,000 N/m

Therefore, the value of the spring constant of this spring will be 50,000 N/m