Advanced Placement (AP) College

(A) Identify the constitutional clause that is common to both Greece v. Galloway (2014) and Engel v. Vitale (1962).
(B) Based on the constitutional clause identified in part A, explain why the facts of Engel v. Vitale led to a different holding than the holding in Greece v. Galloway. [Engel is one of the required Supreme Court cases we will get to later. Here are some facts you will know that might help here: The public school required daily Christian prayer. Students are required by law to attend school. Students are required by school to be in their classes.]
(C) Describe an action that members of the public who disagree with the holding in Greece v. Galloway could take to limit its impact.

Answers

Answer 1

The government is not allowed to support a particular religion, engage in religious activities, or endorse any particular religion. The Establishment Clause's interpretation and application in connection to prayers in public places were the subject of both decisions, with Engel v. Vitale addressing legislative prayer and Greece v. Galloway addressing prayer in public schools.

The three primary categories of contemporary political systems are democracies, totalitarian regimes, and authoritarian regimes with a range of hybrid regimes in between.

As a separate entity or as a combination of the major three, Establishment monarchies are included in modern categorization systems. Monarchy, aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, theocracy, and tyranny are examples of historically common types of government.

There are many hybrid governments, therefore these structures are not always mutually exclusive.

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Answer 2
A) The constitutional clause common to both Greece v. Galloway and Engel v. Vitale is the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
B) The facts of Engel v. Vitale led to a different holding than the holding in Greece v. Galloway because the prayer in Engel v. Vitale was a public school-sponsored activity, whereas the prayer in Greece v. Galloway was delivered by private citizens. In Engel v. Vitale, the Supreme Court ruled that the New York State Board of Regents' prayer was unconstitutional because it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, which prohibits the government from establishing an official religion. In contrast, the Supreme Court in Greece v. Galloway held that the town's practice of opening its meetings with a prayer delivered by private citizens did not violate the Establishment Clause because it did not coerce participation in any particular religion, nor did it discriminate against any particular faith.
C) Members of the public who disagree with the holding in Greece v. Galloway could take action by advocating for legislative changes at the local or state level to limit the impact of the decision. They could also organize protests or rallies to voice their dissent and raise awareness of the issue. Additionally, they could bring legal challenges to similar practices in other municipalities in order to establish a precedent that would limit the scope of the decision.

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