A covalent bond involves sharing of electrons .
So, option D is correct one .
When two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, a covalent link is created. A covalent bond is created when the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too small for an electron transfer to occur and produce ions.
The strongest covalent bonds are quadruple covalent bonds. The bond gets stronger the more bonding partners there are. The sharing of electrons between two species creates a covalent connection. They frequently exist between molecules with comparable electronegativities.
The strength of the bonds between the atoms is based on their quantity.
Covalent bonds can be single, double, triple, or quadruple.
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What mass of copper atoms have the same number of atoms as there are in a 4.21 gram sample of silicon?
The mass of copper atoms have the same number of atoms as there are in 4.21 g sample of silicon is 9.55 g
Avogadro's hypothesis1 mole of silicon = 6.02×10²³ atoms
But
1 mole of silicon = 28 g
Thus, we can say that:
28 g of silicon = 6.02×10²³ atoms
How to determine the atoms in 4.21 g of silicon28 g of silicon = 6.02×10²³ atoms
Therefore,
4.21 g of silicon = (4.21 × 6.02×10²³) / 28
4.21 g of silicon = 9.05×10²² atoms
Thus, 9.05×10²² atoms is present in 4.21 g of silicon
How to determine the mass of copper that contains 9.05×10²² atomsFrom Avogadro's hypothesis ,
6.02×10²³ atoms = 1 mole of copper
But
1 mole of copper = 63.55 g
Thus, we can say that:
6.02×10²³ atoms = 63.55 g of copper
Therefore,
9.05×10²² atoms = (9.05×10²² × 63.55) / 6.02×10²³
9.05×10²² atoms = 9.55 g of copper
Thus, 9.55 g of copper contains the same number of atoms in 4.21 g sample of silicon
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Which type of solution contains higher than normal amount of osmo typically active?
Osmotically active solutes are present in greater than usual concentrations in hypertonic solution.
What is hypertonic solution?
Any external solution with a low water concentration compared to bodily fluids and a high solute concentration is referred to as a hypertonic solution. Water will net migrate from the body into the solution in a hypertonic solution.
Since seawater contains more salt ions than freshwater, it is a hypertonic solution. Since the water in their cells would quickly leak into the surrounding salt water, freshwater fish cannot survive in seawater. They would quickly suffocate and perish.
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what is the volume of methanol in a 200. g sample if the density of methanol is 0.7918 g/ml
The volume of the methanol in the sample is 252.58 mL
What is density?The density of a substance is simply defined as the mass of the subtance per unit volume of the substance. Mathematically, it can be expressed as
Density = mass / volume
With the above formula, we can obtain the volume of the methanol. Details below
How to determine the volume of the methanolThe following data were obtained from the question;
Mass of methanol = 200 gDensity of methanol = 0.7918 g/mLVolume of methaonl =?Density = mass / volume
Thus,
Volume = mass / density
Volume of methaonl = 200 / 0.7918
Volume of methaonl = 252.58 mL
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design an experiment discussing how you will determine what your unknown sample is using a flame test.
The flame test is used to visually determine identity of an unknown metal or metalloid ion based on characteristic color the salt turns the flame of a Bunsen burner. The heat of flame excites the electrons of the metals ions, causing them to emit visible light. Every element has a signature emission spectrum that can be used to differentiate the between one element and another.
How to Do Flame Test?First, you need clean wire loop. Platinum or nickel-chromium loops are the most common. They may be cleaned by dipping in the hydrochloric or nitric acid, followed by rinsing with distilled or deionized water. Test cleanliness of the loop by inserting it into a gas flame. If a burst of color is produced, loop is not sufficiently clean. The loop must be cleaned between the tests.
The clean loop is dipped in either a powder or a solution of an ionic (metal) salt. The loop with sample is placed in a clear or blue part of the flame and the resulting color is observed.
Key Takeaways: Perform Flame Test:
The flame test is qualitative test in analytical chemistry used to help identify the composition of a sample.The premise is that heat gives energy to the elements and ions, causing them to emit light at a characteristic color or emission spectrum.The flame test is a quick way to narrow down identity of a sample, but must be combined with other tests to confirm composition.To know more about flame visit: brainly.com/question/6871204
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Use dimensional analysis to solve the following: 2.3 mi =
2.3 miles is equal to 12093 ft.
1 mile =5280 ft2.3 miles = 2.3 x 5280= 12144 ft
1 ft= 12 in12144 ft = 12144 x 12 = 145728 in
3 ft = 1 yd12144 ft =. (1÷3) × 12144 = 4048 yd
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This question is incomplete, above explanation might help.
What is the largest exponent the ieee standard allows for a 32-bit floating point number?
The maximum representable value maximizes both the significant and the exponent, so it has a value +1∗(2−223)∗2127.
A single-precision ("binary32") IEEE 754 floating-point number has 1 bit for the sign, 8 bits for the exponent, and 23 bits for the significand (a 24-bit quantity given that the leading 1 is implicit). Its value is equal to the product of the sign, the significand, and two to the power of the exponent.
The exponent values range from -126 to 127. In IEEE 754, the actual value stored is unsigned (from 0 to 255) and then biased by 127.
Similarly, the maximum value for the significand is binary 1.111111111111111111111111. This is S=20+2−1+2−2+...+2−23. You can see that adding 2−23 to the right-hand side results in 21, so S=2−2−23.
The maximum representable value maximizes both the significant and the exponent, so it has a value +1∗(2−223)∗2127.
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Why do some glucose molecules move out of
the blood and others move into it?
Due to process of facilitated diffusion some glucose molecules move out of the blood and others move into it.
Facilitated diffusion :The diffusion of solutes across the plasma membrane is facilitated by transport proteins. Passive transport is facilitated diffusion. Even though transport proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion, it is still passive transport because the solute is moving across the concentration gradient.
Why is it called facilitated diffusion?Passive transportation is facilitated transport. Unlike simple diffusion, which occurs when materials pass through a membrane without the assistance of proteins, facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, occurs when materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the assistance of membrane proteins.
Importance of Facilitated DiffusionTo move molecules from one side of the membrane to the other without using energy, facilitated diffusion is required. Large and charged molecules, in particular, benefit from facilitated diffusion. These molecules cannot move freely across the plasma membrane due to simple diffusion.
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Discuss Dalton’s ideas by completing the following paragraph. After years of studying _____, Dalton was able to accurately determine the ______ of the elements involved in the reactions. His conclusions resulted in the ____________, which helped to explain that ________ in chemical reactions separate, ________ or ___________, but are not created, ___________, or _________.
1.Chemical reactions
2. Mass ratios
3. Atomic theory
4. Atoms
5. Combine
6. rearrange
7. Destroyed
8. Divided
What is the atomic theory?The atomic theory is a scientific description of the nature of atoms and matter.
The Dalton's atomic theory was the first complete attempt to describe all matter in terms of atoms and their properties.
After years of studying Chemical reactions, Dalton was able to accurately determine the mass ratios of the elements involved in the reactions. His conclusions resulted in the atomic theory, which helped to explain that atoms in chemical reactions separate, combine or rearrange, but are not created, destroyed, or divided.
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Calculate the ph of a dilute solution that contains a molar ratio of potassium acetate to acetic acid (pka = 4.76).
pH = 5.46.
What is a mole ratio example?A chemical reaction's molar ratio is the ratio of the moles (or molecules) of reactants used and the moles (or molecules) of products produced.Two moles of H2O are produced for every mole of O2 that is utilized. H2 and H2O have a mole ratio of 1:1. Two moles of H2 are needed to create two moles of H2O. Four moles of hydrogen would be required to make four moles of water.The ratio between any two compounds in a chemical reaction is known as the mole ratio. It is the proportion between two coefficients in a chemical equation that is balanced. Mole-to-mole ratio and molar ratio are other names for the mole ratio.Use the atomic masses to translate each element's mass into moles. By dividing the total number of moles by the smallest number of moles, you may determine the ratio or the number of moles of each element.Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
pH pKa log
pH 4.76 log ([acetate]/[acetic acid]), where [acetate]/[acetic acid] is the ratio given for each part of the question.
pH = pka + log [acetate/acetic acid]
pH = 4.76 + log ( 5/1)
pH = 5.46
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Which of the following photons frequency has the highest energy?
A. 8.02 x 10^-12
B. 23 x 10^-13
C. 20 x 10^13
D. 25 x 10^12
Explanation too please
Answer: 23 x 10^-13
Explanation:
what is the formula for a. copper(i) cyanide b. tetraphosphorous decasulfide c. mercury (ii) oxide d. selenium hexafluoride
a. Copper(I) cyanide = CuCN
b. Tetraphosphorus hexoxide = P4O6
c. Mercury(II) oxide = HgO.
d. Selenium hexafluoride = SeF6
What is chemical formula?
The use of chemical element symbols, numbers, and occasionally other symbols like parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas, and plus and minus signs to represent information about the chemical proportions of atoms that make up a specific chemical compound or molecule is known as a chemical formula.
A chemical compound is symbolically represented by a chemical formula. It provides information on the kind and quantity of atoms in the chemical. Common salt, for instance, has the chemical formula NaCl.
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_________________________ is the spontaneous decay in the structure of an atom's nucleus.
Radioactivity is the spontaneous decay in the structure of an atom's nucleus.
Is spontaneous decay possible in the nucleus of an atom?The spontaneous breakdown of an atom's nucleus by the emission of particles and/or radiation is referred to as radioactivity. Radiation is the emission of energy through space as particles or waves.Radioactive decay is a natural process in which the nuclei of unstable isotopes emit radiation as they decay to more stable nuclei. All of the decay processes happen on their own, but the rates at which different isotopes decay vary greatly.Radioactive decay in which certain unstable nuclei of heavier elements split into two nearly equal fragments (nuclei of lighter elements) and release a large amount of energy. Radioactivity, also known as radioactive decay, is a natural process. It is because radioactive elements continuously emit radiation as a result of reactions occurring within them.To learn more about Radioactivity is the spontaneous decay refer to
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Liquid carbon disulfide reacts with oxygen gas, producing carbon dioxide gas and
sulfur dioxide gas
what is the molarity of an aqueous solution that contains 0.0720 g c₂h₆o₂ per gram of solution . the density of the solution is 1.04 g/ml
The molarity of an aqueous solution that contains 0.0720 g C₂H₆O₂ per gram of solution with density 1.04 g/mL is 1.626 M.
Calculating grams of C₂H₆O₂ per ml of solution,
1 mL of solution weighs 1.40 g
1.40 g of solution x 0.0720gC₂H₆O₂ = 0.1008 C₂H₆O₂
1
Concentration of C₂H₆O₂ is 0.1008 g/mL
Now, converting g/mL to molarity, using molar mass.
Molar mass of C₂H₆O₂ = 62 g/mol
0.1008 g ÷ 62 g/mol = 1.626x10⁻³
1 mL = 0.001 L
1.626x10⁻³ = 1.626 M
0.001
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student proposes the following lewis structure for the nitronium ion. assign a formal charge to each atom in the student's lewis structure.
the following lewis structure for the nitronium ion. assign a formal charge to each atom in the student's lewis structure
atom formal charge N: 0
central O: +2
right O: −1
What is lewis's Structure?
A Lewis Structure or Electron Dot Structure may be a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule. It denotes the way the valence electrons are arranged around the individual atoms in a molecule.
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what is the stretching frequency (in cm-1) of the following carbonyl? group of answer choices 1655 1685
The stretching frequency (in cm⁻¹) of the given carbonyl compound is 1685 cm⁻¹
The carbonyl group, C=O, has a large dipole moment and it creates an intense stretching vibration whose peak generally appears between 1600 to 1800 cm⁻¹.
The spectrum shows a stretching absorption consistent with a ketone functional group, i. e. carbonyl group C=O stretching at ~1685 cm⁻¹.
Definition: Stretching frequencies are higher than corresponding bending frequencies. It is easier to bend a bond than to stretch or compress it.
The distinctive carbonyl band is particularly useful for diagnostic purposes because it has a characteristic high intensity and few other functional groups absorb in this region.
Different carbonyl compounds absorb in narrow ranges within the general carbonyl region.
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If 9 serial dilutions are performed, each with a dilution of 0.1, what is the cumulative dilution?
Based on the number of serial dilutions and the dilution factor, the cumulative dilution is 1.0 × 10⁻⁹
What is serial dilution?Serial dilution is a dilution process in which successive repetitive dilutions are done of a substance in a solution using a constant dilution factor.
A dilution factor is the ratio in which the solution to be diluted and the diluent are combined.
Given that the 9 serial dilutions are performed, each with a dilution of 0.1, the cumulative dilution will be obtained as follows:
Cumulative dilution = 1 * 01 × 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1
Cumulative dilution = 1.0 × 10⁻⁹
In conclusion, the cumulative dilution is obtained from the number of serial dilutions and the dilution factor.
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In order to obtain funding for their research, scientists write
describing the proposed research and its costs.
a hypotheses
b research papers
C grant proposals
d email
The periodic table is arranged by various patterns. Is there a pattern with regard to ionic charge
Ionic sizes would decrease down the group but increase across a period.
What is ionic charge?The term ionic charge refers to the charge that an ion carries. We know that metals are found towards the left hand side of the periodic table while the nonmetals are found towards the right hand side of the periodic table.
Down the group, more shells are added hence the atomic sizes would increase down the group.
As we move from left to right, the ionic sizes are increased because ions are formed by the addition of electrons to the electron cloud. Hence ionic sizes would decrease down the group but increase across a period.
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Answer:
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Explanation:
Using standard reduction potentials from the aleks data tab, calculate the standard reaction free energy for the following redox reaction. round your answer to significant digits. 2cl-(aq) 2h2o(l)=cl2
For the particular redox process, the typical Gibbs free energy is -106 kJ/mol.
What is Gibbs free energy?A substance's accessible energy that can be applied in a chemical reaction or transformation is known as the Gibbs free energy. Compounds frequently change into other substances with lower Gibbs free energies. Whether a chemical reaction will take place spontaneously is predicted by the change in Gibbs free energy.
Enthalpy and entropy are combined to form the Gibbs free energy, abbreviated G. The system's total enthalpy plus the product of its temperature and entropy together make up the change in free energy, or G.
One of the most crucial thermodynamic parameters for a system's characterization is the Gibbs free energy.
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draw the structure of the major product formed in the given reaction when the aromatic aldehyde is present in excess. an aldehyde and ester react with methoxide in methanol. the aldehyde consists of two fused benzene rings. if the top fused carbon is arbitrarily numbered 1 and the ring numbered clockwise, there is an aldehyde substituent on carbon 3 and a methoxy substituent on carbon 8. the ester is a carbonyl bonded to methyl and methoxy.
When combined with methyl acetate, the chemical 6-methoxy-2 naphthaldehyde undergoes an aldol addition reaction to produce methyl 3-hydroxy-3-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoate. The aldol addition product undergoes dehydration to create the aldol condensed product, (E)-methyl 3-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)acrylate.
What is aldol condensation reaction?
In an aldol condensation, an enolate ion combines with a carbonyl molecule in the presence of an acid/base catalyst to produce either a hydroxylated aldehyde or ketone, which is then dehydrated to produce a conjugated enone. It is an effective process for creating carbon-carbon bonds.
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The procedure warns against adding more than 15 ml of xylene to the erlenmeyer flask during recrystallization. why?
This could lead to some product not dissolving fully and thus remaining in solution after the recrystallization flask has cooled.
What is recrystallization?
Recrystallization is defined as a method for the purification of compounds that involves dissolving a compound in a solvent and then gently cooling the solution to form crystals, which are a purer form of the component. Recrystallization is a technique used by scientists to clean up solids, which are usually byproducts of various chemical reactions.
Therefore,
The procedure warns against adding more than 15 ml of xylene to the erlenmeyer flask during recrystallization. why?
This could lead to some product not dissolving fully and thus remaining in solution after the recrystallization flask has cooled.
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m. m. r. howlader and f. zhang, void-free strong bonding of surface activated silicon wafers from room temperature to annealing at 600 ˚c, thin solid films 519 (2010) 804-808.
Surface-activated silicon wafers were bonded firmly and void-free by MMR Howlader from room temperature to annealing at 600 °C, followed by analysis of the interface's optical, electrical, mechanical, and nanostructure properties.
What is annealing?
In the fields of metallurgy and materials science, annealing is a heat treatment that modifies the physical and occasionally chemical properties of a material to enhance its ductility and decrease its hardness, making it more workable.
Annealing is a heat-treatment procedure that modifies a material's physical, and occasionally chemical, properties to improve ductility and decrease hardness to make it more workable.
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The pressure inside a container is 812 Torr at a temperature of 75 °C. What would the pressure be at 57 °C?
Considering the Gay Lussac's law,the pressure at 57°C would be 770 Torr.
Gay Lussac's lawGay Lussac's law establishes the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas when the volume is constant.
This law says that the pressure is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas: if the temperature increases, the pressure of the gas increases while if the temperature of the gas decreases, the pressure decreases.
Mathematically, Gay Lussac's law states that the ratio of pressure to temperature is constant:
P÷T= k
If you have an initial state of 1 and a final state of 2, then:
P1÷T1= P2÷T2
Pressure al 57°CIn this case, you know:
P1= 812 TorrT1= 75°C= 348 KP2= ?T2= 57°C= 330 KReplacing in Gay Lussac's law:
812 Torr÷ 348 K= P2÷ 330 K
Solving:
(812 Torr÷ 348 K)× 330 K= P2
770 Torr= P2
Finally, the pressure at 57°C would be 770 Torr.
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Consider a 100 ml solution of a 0.0010 m solution of methyl amine, ch3nh2, where kb = 4.4 x 10-4 . a) what is the ph of this solution?
The strong base has a pH near 14 and the pH of the strong acid is near to 1. If we diluted the solution weak base solution, then the concentration of hydroxide.
What is ph?Chemistry uses a pH scale to categorize an aqueous solution's acidity or basicity. The term pH originally meant "potential of hydrogen." In comparison to basic or alkaline solutions (solutions with higher H+ ion concentrations), acidic solutions have lower pH values measured.
The p Hscale is logarithmic and inversely proportional to the amount of hydrogen ions present in the solution.
M is equal to mol dm3. At a temperature of 25 °C (77 °F), basic solutions are defined as those with a pH greater than 7, and acidic solutions as those with a pH lower than 7. Solutions having a pH of 7 are regarded as neutral at this temperature (e.g. pure water). Temperature affects the pH's neutral value, which drops to below 7 if the temperature exceeds 25 °C.
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allows oxidation of co (carbon monoxide) to less-harmful co₂ (carbon dioxide) allows oxidation of hc (unburned hydrocarbons) to co₂ (carbon dioxide) and h₂o (water)
The oxidation of co (carbon monoxide) to less-harmful co₂ (carbon dioxide) and the oxidation of hc (unburned hydrocarbons) to co₂ (carbon dioxide) and h₂o (water).
What is oxidation?
One or more electrons are lost during the chemical reaction of oxidation, which takes place inside of an atom or molecule.
TWO-WAY CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
enables the conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) to the less hazardous gas CO2 (carbon dioxide)enables the conversion of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) to CO2 and H2O (water)This structure allows the chemical reaction to happen by directing exhaust fumes to travel through the substrate that is made of the precious metals platinum and palladium. As the conversion process proceeds, the temperature of the exhaust gases rises.
This process generates a great deal of heat, hence the exhaust gases that exit the converter should be hotter than the gases that enter it. This also explains why most units need to have heat shields.
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Glucose has a molecular weight of 180 grams per mole. to prepare 1 liter of a 100 mm solution, how many grams of glucose would you dissolve in water for a total volume of 1 liter?
18 grams of glucose would you dissolve in water for a complete volume of 1 liter.
Evaluation :
Glucose features a molecular weight of 180 g/mole
which means that dissolving this mass of glucose in a liter would give a 1 M solution.
Because 100 mM is = 0.1 M, it's 1/10 of the concentration.
Using 1/10 of the relative molecular mass (18 g) in the same volume would give a 1/10 concentration, thus a 0.1 M or 100 mM solution.)
[tex]\frac{1}{10}[/tex]×180 = 18 grams
What is meant by molecular weight?
The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms during a molecule, supported a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively.
The relative molecular mass is the mass of one mole of a substance. Usually, the units used for this are grams per mole.
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Which polyatomic ion is not labeled correctly? group of answer choices
a. nh4+ ammonium
b. no3- nitrate
c. cn- cyanate
d. clo4- perchlorate
e. all are labeled correctly.
The correct answer is option C. CN^- cyanate is wrong polyatomic ion. OCN− is correct polyatomic ion.
What is cyanate ion?
The structural formula for cyanate, commonly abbreviated OCN, is [O=C=N]-. It also includes any salt that contains it, like ammonium cyanate. It is a substantially less stable isomer of the fulminate anion [C−≡N+O]−
A cyanate group-containing organic compound is known as a cyanate ester. An ambidentate ligand, the cyanate ion can form complexes with metal ions in which either the nitrogen or oxygen atom can serve as the electron-pair donor. A bridging ligand can also be produced using it.
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among the elements of the main group, the general trend in the first ionization energy moving across a period is not followed between group 2 and group 13. which best explains these exceptions?
Due to the full s orbital's protection of the electron entering the p orbital, the ionization energy drops.
The full s orbital shields the electron as it enters the p orbital, lowering the ionization energy.
This process of "shielding" reduce s the net force acting on the outer shell electrons by a large amount when each new electron experiences both nucleon attraction and S orbital repulsion forces. Ionization energy consequently drops during these groupings.
The energy needed to free the outermost, or least bound, electron from an element's neutral atom is known as the first ionisation energy. First ionisation energy normally rises from left to right across a period on the periodic table. The outermost electron is more tightly connected to the nucleus as a result of the increased nuclear charge.
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