A cost incurred to produce or purchase two or more products at the same time is a controllable Cost.
Controllable charges are the ones over which the enterprise has complete authority. Such expenses consist of advertising budgets and exertions expenses. by contrast, non-controllable expenses are people who a organisation cannot exchange, together with hire and insurance. it's far important for management to recognize the differences between these value kinds.
The controllable cost are the prices that may be managed and changed within the brief-time period horizon based on commercial enterprise requirements and wishes.
Learn more about controllable Costs here
https://brainly.com/question/27073309
#SPJ4
which of the following categories describes a project whose objective it is to create the next iteration of an existing product already on the market? derivative project r
Scrum is one of the project management approaches in the agile framework that uses an iterative process to create product delivery.
What exactly is project management?
The task of regulating and controlling various projects in an efficient manner is referred to as project management.
Scrum is the agile method that can be used by management when they want to make an iterative and incremental delivery of any product. This method enables team members to work efficiently while remaining perfectly adaptable to any change.
As a result, the Scrum approach is the agile framework technique used for product delivery in an iterative process.
Learn more about the project management here:
https://brainly.com/question/17313957
#SPJ4
The number of cells in a tumor doubles every 4.5 months. if the tumor begins with a single cell, how many cells will there be after 3 years? after 5 years?
The number of cells in a tumor doubles every 3 years is 256
The number of cells in a tumor doubles every 5 years is 256
A tumor mass of tissue that bureaucracy when cells grow and divide greater than they have to or do no longer die when they have to. Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors can also develop big however do now not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues or other parts of the frame.
A most cancers cell is a cell that grows out of a tumor. not like everyday cells, cancer cells forget about indicators to forestall dividing, to specialize, or die and be shed. growing in an uncontrollable way and not able to apprehend its own herbal boundary, most cancer cells may additionally spread to areas of the frame wherein they no longer belong.
In a year, there are 12 months,
In 3 years there are 12 × 3 = 36 month
Number of divisions in 3 year = 36 / 4.5
= 8 times division
In 5 year there are 12 × 5 = 60 month
Number of divisions in 5 year = 60 / 4.5
= 13 times division
month Number of cells
o 1
4.5 2
9 4
13.5 8
18 16
22.5 32
27 64
31.5 128
36 256 at 3 years
40.5 512
45 1024
49.5 2056
54 4112
58.5 8224 at 5 years
63 16448
Learn more about tumors here:-https://brainly.com/question/827191
#SPJ4
Hazlitt argues that west germany grew at a faster rate than france in part because ___________.
Hazlitt argues that west Germany grew at a faster rate than France in part because of Great Britain.
Hazlitt acknowledges that almost everyone would encourage people to be better off, but the best way to raise wages is through an increase in marginal labor productivity. Real wages come from production. The way to increase productivity is through increased education and capital accumulation.
The time period uk became official in 1801 when the parliaments of exceptional Britain and ireland every exceeded an Act of Union, uniting the 2 kingdoms and growing the United Kingdom of superb Britain and ireland.
Hazlitt writes that a little economics can easily lead to paradoxical and preposterous conclusions. It brings people back to common sense.
Learn more about Hazlitt here
https://brainly.com/question/28106522
#SPJ4
Since career objectives are difficult to achieve, most people need to make ____.
Since career objectives are difficult to achieve, most people need to make career decisions.
Secure a career objective in a respected organization to expand your insights, knowledge, and skills. Make full use of your training and skills to secure responsible career opportunities that contribute significantly to the company's success.
Resume career objectives is primarily a resume pitch that mentions career goals and objectives. This is important information for employers, and well-written goals can grab the attention of recruiters.
Goals should be measurable so that achievement can be shown. If your goals aren't measurable, you have no way of knowing if your project is on track or if you've met your goals by the time the project is completed. Achievable: Goals should be realistic and achievable.
Learn more about career objectives here:-https://brainly.com/question/12711841
#SPJ9
organizations that have a mix of standard products and projects are good candidates for which type of project management structure? multiple choice question. functional matrix dedicated project
Matrix organisations have a mix of standard projects and products and are good for project management structure.
Functional organisations are basically dependent on the project based work performed in an organisation. There are various functions to be performed like production, distribution and sampling . They are one rule organisations.
Dedicated organisations are those in which are specific about tasks and achievement of goals at different levels of management which are upper, middle and lower level of management. Delegation of responsibility is the main lead of the organisation.
To learn more about matrix organizations here,
https://brainly.com/question/7437866
#SPJ4
norma owns abc corporation bonds of aa rated quality that mature in seven years, pay semiannual interest, and have a coupon of 8%. similar bonds (aa rated, seven years to maturity) yield 9%. the abc corporation bonds are convertible into common stock at $26 per share, and the current market price of abc common stock is $23. what is the conversion value of an abc corporation bond? a) $851.85 b) $884.61 c) $766.47 d) $923.08
It comes to $884.61. The conversion value is calculated as the conversion ratio minus common stock market price. The conversion value is therefore ($1,000 $26 23) = $884.61
What are conversion values?You can describe the influence of particular conversions on your business by giving them a numerical value known as a conversion value.
The main advantage of assigning conversion numbers is that it makes it easier for you to monitor, improve, and report on your return on ad spend (ROAS). To increase your conversions after setting up your conversion values, employ the target return on ad spend (ROAS) bid strategy in your campaigns. Setting conversion values has the added benefit of facilitating more informed account decisions. You can recognize keywords, ad groups, and campaigns that exhibit either a high or low return on investment thanks to the additional layer of visibility. The ability to optimize and make choices based on actual ROI data rather than merely uniform conversion volume and prices is provided by this.
To know more about conversion values visit:- https://brainly.com/question/28216016
#SPJ4
pr practitioner martha disclosed her stock ownership in her client’s organization. she consulted the prsa code of ethics, "designed to be a useful guide for prsa members as they carry out their ethical responsibilities." what is one of the advantages of having a code of ethics?
The ability of a code of ethics to promote an atmosphere of trust, moral behavior, honesty, and excellence is its most significant advantage.
Good Code of Ethics Helps SalesWhatever you sell, your goal as a business owner is to maximize profits. Therefore, the main benefit of adopting and upholding an ethical code is because customers care about it. Customers are more likely to make purchases from and stick with brands they believe in. You should therefore establish and advance an ethical organization. It also helps to have these moral standards documented for everyone to see and comprehend, both inside and outside of your organization.
To know more about Code of Ethics , visit : https://brainly.com/question/24606527
#SPJ4
a decrease in supply will have what effect on equilibrium price and quantity? a.price will increase; quantity will decrease. b.both price and quantity will decrease. c.both price and quantity will increase. d.price will decrease; quantity will increase.
Both price and quantity will decrease as if a decrease in supply will have what effect on equilibrium price and quantity
What is Equilibrium ?
The price at which the supply and demand of the commodity are balanced. The market is said to be in an equilibrium when a major index goes through a period of consolidation or sideways movement, indicating that the forces of supply and demand are essentially equal.
Prices, according to economists, frequently oscillate near their equilibrium levels. Market forces will encourage sellers to enter and increase production if the price increases excessively. If the price is too cheap, more bidders will place higher bids. Over time, these actions maintain the relative equilibrium level.
To learn more about Equilibrium checkout the link below : https://brainly.com/question/16051313
#SPJ4
Assuming that pdq corporation has annual net sales of $303,000,000 and annual cost of goods sold of $202,000,000, what is the accounts receivable turnover ratio for pdq corporation?
The account receivable turnover ratio for PDQ corporation is 2:1
The formula for the inventory turnover ratio is an annual cost of sales, year-end inventory = inventory turnover ratio
$202,000,000 / $101,000,000 = 2 : 1
The income statement is one of all three statements used in both company finance consisting of monetary modeling and accounting. The declaration displays the corporation's revenue, charges, gross earnings, selling and administrative costs, different charges and income, taxes paid, and net income in a coherent and logical manner. Divide the common stock into COGS to calculate inventory turnover.
The cash ratio is calculated by using dividing coins with the aid of present-day liabilities. The coins portion of the calculation also includes cash equivalents such as marketable securities. and internet credit income divided by means of common bills receivable net. the price of products sold on the income announcement. on the balance sheet, locate the price of inventory from the preceding and cutting-edge accounting periods. upload the stock values collectively and divide by, to locate the common quantity of inventory.
Learn more about The income statement here:-https://brainly.com/question/15169974
#SPJ4
What is the journal entry for Rent paid in advance Rs. 5,000?
The journal entry for Rent prepaid in advance would be prepaid rent.
As the sum paid indicates the additional payment for the foreseeable use of the rented property, such as office space, etc., advance rent is treated as an asset rather than a cost in accounting. Similarly, the business must enter the rent that has been paid in advance as an asset in the journal entry.
When the business begins using the rented property, the prepaid rent will eventually expire. As a result, the business must register rent expense for the time period during which the cost of the prepaid rent expires.
To learn more about prepaid rent click here:
https://brainly.com/question/28481564
#SPJ9
The law of supply states that as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of that good disappears. decreases. remains the same.
It has been stated under the law of supply that as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good in the market starts to increase. Therefore, the option D holds true.
What is the significance of law of supply?The law of supply can be referred to or considered as the law under an economy that represents the relationship between price and quantity of a good in the market during a given time. According to this law, when price decreases, the supply is also decreased, and vice versa.
Therefore, the option D holds true and states regarding the significance of law of supply.
Learn more about law of supply here:
https://brainly.com/question/17805586
#SPJ4
The missing options to the incomplete question have been added below for better reference.
The law of supply states that as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of that good
Disappears.
Decreases.
Remains the same.
Increases
the balance sheet: multiple choice question. focuses on the organization's earnings for a period of time. is like a movie of the organization's progress over a period of time, such as a year. is like a snapshot of the organization's financial position, frozen at a specific point in time. focuses on the organization's cash flows at a specific point in time.
The balance sheet is like a snapshot of the financial position of an organization, frozen at a particular point in time. Thus, the correct answer option to this question is (c). Balance sheet demonstrates all of the company's assets, liabilities, and owner equity at a particular time frame.
The balance sheet provides a clear picture of an organization’s financial statement and provides the information about how much risk a business is exposed to, and how likely it is that the business will survive.
The Balance sheet demonstrates an organization’s liquidity by imparting how much cash an organization has now and which assets will be accessible in the form of cash.Thus, an organization may use its balance sheet to assess risk, check that it has adequate cash on hand, and determine how to raise further capital (through debt or equity).
While the other options are not correct and don't align with the context of the balance sheet.
You can learn more about balance sheet at
https://brainly.com/question/910379
#SPJ4
The process of translating ideas into words that will convey meaning is referred to as?
The process of translating ideas into words that will convey meaning is referred to as encoding.
What is meant by encoding?A string of characters letters, numbers, punctuation, and particular symbols are transformed into a format for efficient transmission or storage through the process of encoding in computers. Decoding is the process of recovering the original string of characters from an encoded format.
While decoding is translating printed words into sounds or reading, encoding entails employing individual sounds to construct and produce words.
Thus, it is encoding.
For more details about encoding, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/13963375
#SPJ4
Marketers create _______ for customers when they develop products that allow customers to satisfy their needs and wants through exchange relationships.
Marketers create value for customers when they develop products that allow customers to satisfy their needs and wants through exchange relationships.
What is Product development?Product development is the term used to describe the entire process of bringing a product to market. Additionally, it encompasses updating a current product and launching an outdated product into a new market. This entails figuring out the product's concept, developing the product roadmap, launching the product, and gathering customer feedback.
Product design's fundamental component is new product development (NPD). Till the end of the product life cycle, the process is not complete. By expanding or including new features, you can continue to gather customer feedback and iterate on future versions.
Learn more about Product development
https://brainly.com/question/25646504
#SPJ4
c. the amount a person would have to deposit today (present value) at a 9 percent interest rate to have $2,300 five years from now. (round your factor to 3 decimal places and final answer to 2 decimal places.)
Annual payment, A = $2,300
Number of payments, n = 5
Interest rate, r = 9% = 0.09
Future value $
5266.55
fva5=2,300x(10.09)^5-1/0.02,300x5.9847=13,764.81
An Interest rate tells you how excessive the price of borrowing is, or excessive the rewards are for saving. So, if you're a borrower, the interest rate is the quantity you're charged for borrowing money, proven as a percent of the whole amount of the mortgage.
Better Interest rates make it greater luxurious for humans to borrow money and in addition, they inspire people to shop. The result is that standard, humans will tend to spend much less. If humans spend much less on items and services universally, then the rate of these matters has a tendency to upward push greater slowly.
Interest rate ranges are a component of the supply and call for credit score: a boom in the demand for money or credit will enhance interest charges, while a lower in the demand for credit will lower them.
Learn more about Interest rate here:
https://brainly.com/question/25877453
#SPJ4
"development of methods to improve soybean yield estimation and predict plant maturity with an unmanned aerial vehicle based platform,
The analysis' findings indicate that the number of articles grew annually, with 2019 seeing the most growth. The most common research areas include remote sensing, imaging technology, environmental science, and ecology.
There are numerous uses for multispectral technology in agriculture. During crop production, it is possible to rapidly, correctly, and efficiently determine critical information such as growth, pests and diseases, fertilizer use, and pesticide application.
Understanding the research hotspots and areas of interest in the field of agricultural multispectral technologies is the goal of the scientific analysis based on Web of Science.
To learn more on multispectral technologies
https://brainly.com/question/14179661
#SPJ4
In most microeconomic models, a decision maker? a. maximizes an objective subject to a constraint. b. faces no constraints. c. has no clearly defined objective. d. both b and c.
Maximizes an objective subject to a constraint is a decision maker in the most microeconomic models .
What Is a Microeconomic Pricing Model ?
With the help of supply and demand, a microeconomic pricing model can be used to determine a product's price in a specific market. The amount of a good grows when the demand (and consequently the price) for that commodity rises, as shown by microeconomic pricing models, which are simple depictions of a single market.
The pursuit of equilibrium by individual markets is demonstrated by microeconomic pricing models. A fundamental concept of classical economics is the pursuit of equilibrium between the cost of a good and the amount supplied. Even if supply and demand curves with equilibrium price points were not used to demonstrate it.
To learn more about Microeconomic Pricing Model checkout the link below :
https://brainly.com/question/516703
#SPJ4
Employees' feelings about their actual duties and tasks on the job are part of the facet known as?
Employees' feelings about their actual duties and tasks on the job are part of the facet known as satisfaction with the work itself.
What mean duties?
Some thing that one is anticipated or required to do by using moral or criminal responsibility. The binding or compulsory force of something that is morally or legally right; moral or prison responsibility. An movement or project required via someone's function or career; function: the duties of a clergyman.
What are duties instance?
A duties (additionally referred to as an obligation) is something that a citizen is required to do, by using regulation. Examples of duties/obligations are: obeying legal guidelines, paying taxes, defending the kingdom and serving on juries.
What's some other word for duties?
A few commonplace synonyms of duty are venture, chore, task, stint, and assignment. Even as some of these words mean "a bit of labor to be done," duty implies an obligation to carry out or obligation for overall performance.
Learn more about duties here:- https://brainly.com/question/551405
#SPJ4
what should be included in a financial plan to protect assets? a. how much money you will make b. how much money you will have in savings c. how much money you will invest d. how much insurance you will carry brainly
Analyzing several factors that show the required level of protection is part of an asset protection strategy. The sort of assets, the form of the claim, the creditor's identity, and other crucial considerations are only a few. Thus, Option d is correct.
What is a Financial plan?
A financial plan outlines a person's long-term financial objectives and develops a method for achieving them.The plan needs to be thorough but also highly individualised to take the person's personal and family circumstances, risk tolerance, and expectations for the future into account.The strategy is the culmination of the plan, which began with a computation of the person's present net worth and cash flow.A financial plan is a written description of a person's current financial condition, long-term financial objectives, and plans for achieving those objectives. A financial plan can be made independently or with the assistance of a professional financial planner and begins with a detailed assessment of the person's present financial situation and future expectations.To know more about Financial plan visit:
https://brainly.com/question/12753301
#SPJ4
This agreement would increase utility for each spouse, compared to the nash equilibrium from the previous part of the question. True or false
TRUE. Comparing this agreement to the Nash equilibrium from the first section of the inquiry, each spouse's utility would grow.
When predicting the results of a game's decision-making interaction, Nash equilibrium is used as a representation of the action profiles of each participant. As a result of the blending of all players' strategies, it replicates a steady state in which no player may profit from changing its approach unilaterally.
TRUE.
To learn more about Nash Equilibrium, visit the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/17515037
#SPJ4
What are examples of withdrawals from the circular flow of income? check all that apply. a sharp increase in taxes affects many middle-class families. a sports-apparel company cuts jobs as a result of slow sales. a fast-food chain goes out of business and shuts down all of its restaurants. most of the stores at a mall are promoting sales to encourage new customers. crew members are hired for a movie company that is shooting on location.
Many middle-class families are impacted by a significant tax hike. Due to weak sales, a company that makes sports apparel makes employment cuts. A fast-food chain declaring bankruptcy and closing all of its locations is the correct option. Thus, option A, B and C is correct.
What is income?Income can be defined as the part where the person or an employee on the money for the job here done or from any kind of investment that they have made.
The various reason for the withdrawal from the fresh flow is done can be numbered one as a price or the text will be increased. Also that the wages is being cut down of a person and if the company is going bankrupt then also there will be a change in the withdrawal policy will make the person spend a low amount of money. Therefore, option A, B and C.
Learn more about income, here:
https://brainly.com/question/2386757
#SPJ4
bennett griffin and chula garza organized cole valley book store as a corporation; each contributed $71,200 cash to start the business and received 5,400 shares of common stock. the store completed its first year of operations on december 31, current year. on that date, the following financial items for the year were determined: december 31, current year, cash on hand and in the bank, $68,450; december 31, current year, amounts due from customers from sales of books, $44,000; unused portion of store and office equipment, $79,000; december 31, current year, amounts owed to publishers for books purchased, $14,000; one-year note payable to a local bank for $3,400. no dividends were declared or paid to the stockholders during the year.
Stockholders' equity can be calculated by subtracting the overall liabilities of a business from the general property or because of the sum of percentage capital and retained earnings minus treasury stocks. common inventory additional paid-in capital desired stock retained earnings and the accrued different comprehensive profits.
Solution:
Cash- 70,250
Accounts Receivable- 40,500
Store and Office Equipment- 79,500
Total Assets- 190,250
Accounts Payable- 12,700
Note Payable- 3400
Total Liabilities- 16,240
Common Stock- 142,000
Total Stockholders' Equity- 174,010
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity- 190,250.
The stockholders' equity for that duration, study the stability sheet for the preceding period. The final period ending number is similar to this era's starting variety. In some cases, an employer's financial statements may also include a desk called the reconciliation of stockholders' fairness. Shareholders' fairness is the value of the employer's obligation to shareholders. It appears on a business enterprise's balance sheet, together with assets and liabilities.
Learn more about The stockholders' equity here:-https://brainly.com/question/14032844
#SPJ4
if banks are ever running short on funds because they either don’t have a lot of savers depositing money in deposit accounts or get unexpected funding requests, they have a variety of sources they could borrow money from.
False, The banks typically generate income by borrowing funds from depositors and paying them back at a predetermined interest rate.
More about banks:
Furthermore, banks typically diversify their lines of business and make money through nontraditional financial services like investment banking and wealth management. However, the following categories can roughly be used to describe the money-generating activities of banks: Income from interest, capital markets, and fees
Banks are required to keep cash reserves with the Reserve Bank equal to a fraction of their demand and time liabilities. They must keep a current account with the Reserve Bank for this reason. The Banking Departments of the Reserve Bank's Regional offices open the banks' current accounts.
Learn more about banks here:
https://brainly.com/question/14042269
#SPJ4
in the united states, immigrants make up more than of the labor force in industries such as agriculture, building and construction.
In the united states, immigrants make up more than one-fifth of the labor force in industries such as agriculture, building and construction. The labor force, often known as the workforce, is the total number of persons who are actively employed plus those who are jobless and looking for work.
This figure excludes persons who are unemployed but not looking for work, such as students and pensioners. The labor force is made up of both employed and jobless people. The labor force participation rate is calculated as a percentage of the civilian non-institutional population. The labor force consists of both employed people and unemployed persons looking for work.
To learn more about labor force, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/13962639
#SPJ4
A financial magazine conducted a survey. it showed that a person with more years of education tends to have a higher salary. what is likely true?
A financial mag conducted a survey. it showed that a person with extra years of schooling tends to have a better salary. what's in all likelihood authentic? there's no correlation between years of schooling and income.
Financial normally refers to money subjects or transactions of some length or significance: a financial wizard. fiscal is used particularly in connection with government funds, or those of any enterprise: the cease of the economic 12 months. economic relates particularly to cash as such: a monetary device or standard.
Finance is defined as providing cash or credit for something. An example of finance is a financial institution loaning a person money to buy a residence.
Finance may be divided widely into three wonderful categories: public finance, corporate finance, and private finance. greater latest subcategories of finance encompass social finance and behavioral finance.
Learn more about finances here: https://brainly.com/question/26499492
#SPJ4
The best way to provide children opportunities to practice using new materials or techniques in order to build arts skills is to?
'The best way to provide children opportunities to practice using new materials or techniques in order to build arts skills is to Provide regular access to activities and materials already underway.
The definition of opportunity is a situation favorable to a positive outcome. An example of an opportunity is a luncheon with a potential employer. You have the opportunity to talk about situations where you can do what you want. Opportunity is most commonly followed by the to-infinitive or the +-ing form of the verb. Now I wish I had gone.
An opportunity is a chance to take advantage of a situation. It can refer to many different occasions, such as career, sports, and business. It makes the difference between true leaders, winners and dropouts. Opportunity is the opportunity to take advantage of market events to win business.
Learn more about opportunity https://brainly.com/question/481029
#SPJ4
If+investors+expect+a+14%+return+on+a+$50+stock+that+pays+a+dividend+of+$2.50,+what+is+the+implied+capital+gain+rate?
An investor puts capital to use for long-term gain, while a trader seeks to generate short-term profits by buying and selling securities over and over again. Investors typically generate returns by deploying capital as either equity or debt investments.
Total expected return = Dividend yield + Capital gains yield
Dividend yield = $2.50/$50 = 5%
14% = 5% + Capital gains yield
Capital gains yield = 14% - 5%
Capital gains yield = 9%
An investor puts capital to use for long-term gain, while a trader seeks to generate short-term profits by buying and selling securities over and over again. Investors typically generate returns by deploying capital as either equity or debt investment.
Disclaimer:- The correct format of the question is given below.
If investors expect a 14% return on a
$50 stock that pays a dividend of $2.50, what is the implied capital gain rate?
Learn more about investors here
https://brainly.com/question/25300925
#SPJ4
Generally, the revenue account for a merchandising business is entitled? a.sales b.gross sales c.fees earned d.gross profit
A merchandising company's revenue account is typically titled with sales.
The required details for sales in given paragraph
Sales are actions that include exchanging goods or a certain amount of commodities over a defined period of time. A sale also includes a service that is provided in exchange for payment.
The seller or provider of the goods or services completes a sale at the point of sale when a purchase, appropriation, requisition, or other direct engagement with the customer occurs. The title (property or ownership) of the item is transferred, and a price is agreed upon, signifying a cost for which the ownership of the item will change.
To know more about Sales in given link
https://brainly.com/question/25743891
#SPJ4
when sellers use paid, nonpersonal communication to engage in mass selling and identify themselves as the sponsors of that communication, they are using
Sellers who engage in mass selling through sponsored, impersonal communication and identify themselves as the sponsors of such communication are utilizing advertising.
Who are you calling an advertiser?
An approach for interacting with potential customers is advertising. According to the Advertising Association of the UK, ads are paid-for messages that are sent with the intention of informing or persuading the recipients.
An aggressively commercial, impersonal message is used in advertising to sell or promote a product, service, or idea.
The goal of advertising is to convince a certain audience to buy a product or service. This, which, is one of the earliest forms of marketing.
To learn more Advertising about:
https://brainly.com/question/3163475
#SPJ4
This subarea of finance is important for adapting to the global economy.
a) investments financial
b) management international
c) finance financial
d) institutions and markets
An international finance is the subarea of finance that is important for adapting to the global economy.
What is an international finance?As a study, the International finance refers to the study of monetary interactions between two or more countries that focuses on areas such as foreign direct investment and currency exchange rates.
In the economic sphere, it means deals with the economic interactions between multiple countries, rather than narrowly focusing on individual markets. Hence, it is the subarea of finance that is important for adapting to the global economy.
Read more about international finance
brainly.com/question/2595764
#SPJ1