A client on duloxetine therapy ingests ibuprofen for pain relief. Bleeding would be the adverse effect that nurse would anticipate with this combination of medications.
What is duloxetine used to treat?Duloxetine is a drug used to treat anxiety and depression. It can treat fibromyalgia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, depression, anxiety, and persistent bone or muscular pain.
What does duloxetine do for anxiety?By inhibiting your brain cells from quickly absorbing these neurotransmitters, Cymbalta can help you regain balance. Cymbalta helps reduce anxiety, diminish panic episodes, and elevate mood by restoring balance to the chemicals in your brain.
Ingests ibuprofen :NSAIDs are generally safe medications when taken properly, but if enough of them are ingested, they can be toxic to the body. NSAIDs have the potential to result in stomach bleeding and ulcers if used in excess. Large overdoses may harm the kidneys, as well as result in convulsions and coma.
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the nurse is aware, when caring for patients with renal disease, that which substance made in the glomeruli directly controls blood pressure?
The nurse is aware, when caring for patients with renal disease. Renin substance made in the glomeruli directly controls blood pressure.
Renal disease :Chronic kidney disease may leads to renal failure.
The kidneys purify the blood by filtering waste and excess fluid. Waste accumulates as kidneys fail.
Symptoms appear gradually and are not particular to the disease. Some patients have no symptoms and are diagnosed through a lab test.
Medications aid with symptom management. In later stages, blood filtering with a machine (dialysis) or a transplant may be required.
Symptoms :People may have no symptoms, however they may experience :
Fatigue, high blood pressure, loss of appetite, malaise, or water-electrolyte imbalance throughout the body
Kidney damage, an irregular heart rhythm, failure to thrive, fluid in the lungs, insufficient urine production, itching, kidney failure, significant accidental weight loss, or swelling are all prevalent.
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perceived judgment about weight can negatively influence weight loss: a cross-sectional study of overweight and obese patients
Perceived judgment about weight can negatively influence weight loss is referred to as a true statement.
What is Weight?This is defined as the quantity of matter contained in a body and an obese or overweight person usually has excessive fat accumulation in the body which is considered unhealthy.
In situations whereby an individual doesn't see weight loss as a big deal, there will be less motivation to perform activities which will result in its loss which therefore negatively influence weight loss in individuals and vice versa.
This is therefore the reason why true was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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The full question is:
The perceived judgment about weight can negatively influence weight loss: a cross-sectional study of overweight and obese patients
True/False
in preparation for a syringe draw on a patient with no allergies, when cleaning the site, the method to use would be
When cleaning the site in preparation for a syringe drawing on a patient with no allergies, use isopropyl alcohol as well as clean from the inside out outside in a circular motion.
What is isopropyl alcohol?Isopropyl Alcohol is a propyl alcohol isomer with antibacterial characteristics. Although the specific mechanism of isopropanol's disinfectant action is unknown, it has been suggested that it kills cells by denaturing membrane proteins and DNA, interfering affecting cellular metabolism, by disrupting cell lipoprotein membranes.
Isopropyl alcohol is used for:As a rubbing alcohol antibacterial, isopropyl alcohol is combined with water. It is also found in aftershave lotions, palm lotions, as well as other cosmetics. It is used in industry as a low-cost solvent for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, shellacs, and gums, in addition to denaturing ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
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In Medical Imaging Technique, what is shimming in MRI
Answer:
Shimming is the clearance of any inhomogenities in magnetic field products by the super conductive coil of the MRI
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Answer:
Computed Tomography scanning technique
Which disease spurned the bloodborne pathogens act?
a. tb
b. hepatitis c
c. hiv
d. hepatitis b
Hepatitis B spurned the bloodborne pathogens act.
Bloodborne pathogens are disease-causing organisms that enter the blood through body fluids like semen, vaginal discharge, amniotic fluid, etc. There are three common bloodborne pathogens:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Bloodborne pathogens act, by OSHA, included the standards to protect the occupational population from the spread of bloodborne pathogens like HIV, HBV, and HCV. It includes various preventive measures such as effective control plans, universal and standard precautions, vaccines, personal protective equipment, and annual employee training regarding the spread.
The bloodborne pathogens standards provided various precautions after the employee training for such. They were obliged to make Hepatitis B vaccines to administer to the workers to control the spread of bloodborne disease.
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Resistance to a first-line antituberculotic agent in a client who has not received previous treatment is referred to as?
Resistance to a first-line antituberculotic agent in a client who has not received previous treatment is referred to as primary drug resistance.
What are the first line anti TB drugs?Isoniazid, a rifamycin (rifampin or [less frequently] either rifapentine or rifabutin), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are the first-line drugs used to treat active TB. Moxifloxacin also qualifies as a first-line drug when used in conjunction with isoniazid, rifapentine, and pyrazinamide.
Difference between first line and second-line TB drugsFor the treatment of TB, the first-line therapy medications are the most efficient and least toxic, but the second-line therapeutic drugs are less efficient, more expensive, and more toxic. However, they are crucial for the treatment of microorganisms with antibiotic resistance (MDR-TB).
What is first line drug?A medication that is the first choice for treating a specific ailment because it is thought to be the most effective treatment for that condition with the lowest risk of side effects. A first-line drug might be a single drug or a class of drugs (SSRIs for depression, for example).
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challenges and opportunities for public health made possible by advances in natural language processing
Natural language processing is an important AI technology for comprehending unstructured, frequently technical healthcare data and information.
What exactly is natural language processing (NLP)?Natural language processing is a branch of linguistics, computer science, as well as artificial intelligence that studies how computers interact with human language, specifically how to design computers to process and analyze massive volumes of natural textual information.
What is the most difficult aspect of natural language?The basic issue of NLP is to interpret and model items in a changing context. Words in a natural language are unique, yet they can possess different meanings depending upon the context, resulting in ambiguity at the lexical, syntactic, as well as semantic levels.
What role does natural language processing play in healthcare?Natural language processing technology in healthcare can scan clinical writing and determine what needs to be retrieved in seconds. This frees up physicians' and staff resources that focus on more difficult issues, while also reducing time spent on unnecessary administrative policy.
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Due to recent changes in legislation and general attitudes, the prior use of which drug has become more flexible in regard to recruiting new police officers?
Marijuana has become more flexible in regard to recruiting new police officers.
Marijuana usage during the last two years may exclude an applicant from consideration in the current recruiting process. This only applies for the next two years, or until a two-year period of abstinence from marijuana usage has elapsed.
Police ease marijuana prohibition as they struggle to find new personnel. The purpose of the marijuana usage criterion must be determined by the agencies, along with what they are comfortable with.
It could be appropriate to wait 24–36 months since the previous usage if the objective is to utilize the criterion as a stringent test of decision-making and judgment. If the goal is to make sure the individual does not have a marijuana issue, a period of abstinence of 12 months without a history of recurrent usage would suffice.
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sandra has a family history of osteoporosis. her doctor advises her to eat foods rich in calcium. which foods should she add to her diet? a. fruits, e
sandra has a family history of osteoporosis. her doctor advises her to eat foods rich in calcium. the doctor should advice food which is rich in calcium include dairy products like milk.
what are the properties of milk ?Milk is a biological fluid which consist of seven major components such as water, fat, protein, sugar, minerals, vitamins and enzymes, is an white opaque fluid where emulsified fat, protein and some mineral matters in colloidal suspension and lactose are present.
The opacity of milk have content of suspended particles of fat, proteins and certain minerals, its color varies from white to yellow due to presence of the carotene content, it has pleasant, sweet taste, and pleasant odor, has calcium, phosphates and riboflavin.
Milk has the specific gravity which varies from 1.018 to 1.036, it varies with temperature, the rate of this variation is non-uniform, the density of milk is used to estimate its solids content and convert volume into mass
The physical property is dependent on temperature, history of the sample, composition of the sample and inclusion of air, Refractive index of milk is an optical property and ranges from 1.3440 to 1.3485 at 20ºC.
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In addition to supporting and protecting the body, the skeleton provides this function as well.
Answer: Bones store fat, cartlidges store minerals; ect.
Explanation:
a nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription for ciprofloxacin to treat an uncomplicated uti. which of the following instructions should the nurse include?
Monitoring tendon pain is because it can cause tendinitis and tendon rupture.
What is ciprofloxacin?Fluoroquinolone (flor-o-KWIN-o-lone) antibiotic ciprofloxacin is used to treat several bacterial illnesses. People who have been exposed to anthrax or some forms of plague are also treated with it. The use of ciprofloxacin extended-release is only permitted in adults.
Fluoroquinolone drugs have potentially irreversible, significant, or debilitating adverse effects. Only infections that cannot be cured with a less dangerous antibiotic should be treated with ciprofloxacin.
Therefore, monitoring tendon pain is because it can cause tendinitis and tendon rupture.
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A solid drug form that contains the active drug (as a dried powder) plus inert ingredients to provide bulk is known as a/an ________.
A solid drug form that contains the active drug (as a dried powder) plus inert ingredients to provide bulk is known as a Tablet.
A tablet is a tiny, solid piece of medication that you ingest. A tablet is a capsule that is made entirely of medicine. It is created by compressing pharmaceutical powder into a smooth, hard tablet. Tablet medications come in a wide range of sizes, colors, and shapes, such as round and oblong (caplets). For simpler splitting, some tablets have lines on them. Compressed tablets and moulded tablets are the two broad categories for tablets. Tablets are typically seen as being simple to take by most individuals. They are often simple to ingest and are measured to an exact strength. When high amounts of nutrients are required, however, powders are suggested since they are more concentrated.
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Which phase generally involves a few patients with a medical problem a drug is intended to treat and is designed to determine both safety and efficacy of a drug
Phase II generally involves a few patients with a medical problem and it is designed to determine both the safety and efficacy of a drug.
What is clinical trial Phase II?Clinical trial Phase II is a fundamental step in medical research in which a small sample of individuals affected by a condition is assessed in order to determine the efficacy of the drug.
In conclusion, Phase II generally involves a few patients with a medical problem and it is designed to determine both the safety and efficacy of a drug.
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which of the following steps would you include if a patient has ingested poison but is alert and not having convulsions?
Give first assistance for a convulsion if the person begins to convulse. Make sure the person is at ease. Rolling the patient to their left side is advised, and they should stay there while receiving or awaiting medical attention.
Injury or death brought on by ingesting, breathing, touching, or injecting various medications, chemicals, venoms, or gases is referred to as poisoning. Many chemicals, including medicines and carbon monoxide, become hazardous at larger dosages or concentrations. Others also release hazardous vapors or fumes, while certain cleaners are only dangerous if consumed. Children are especially vulnerable to certain medications and substances, even in trace levels.
Signs and symptoms of poisoning can resemble those of other illnesses, including seizures, alcohol intoxication, stroke, and an insulin reaction. Poisoning symptoms and signs might include:
Redness or burns near the mouth Breathing that smells similar chemicals, like gasoline or paint thinner VomitingHaving trouble breathingDrowsinessconfusion or another mental health issueLearn more about poisoning here:https://brainly.com/question/15093396
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leclerc e, trevizol ap, grigolon rb, et al. the effect of caloric restriction on working memory in healthy non-obese adults. cns spectr 2019 april 10 (epub ahead of print).
We aim to evaluate the effect of caloric restriction (CR) in cognition by comparing performance in neuropsychological tests for working memory between a group of non-obese healthy subjects doing CR for 2 years with another consuming ad libitum diet (AL).
What is the result and conclusion of above study ?After corrections, CR participants showed a considerably larger improvement in working memory than AL did, as measured by the SWM. At month 24, it was primarily caused by consuming less protein than other macronutrients. Changes in energy expenditure, physical activity, and sleep quality all had an impact on SWM.
In conclusion, working memory appears to be marginally improved over time in healthy persons who engage in CR. New avenues for preventing and treating cognitive impairments are made possible by research into brain CR targets.Learn more about Calories here:
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1. in the blank model, individual health is the focus. it measures health in terms of blank, and improvement in health occurs by medical intervention such as prescribing blank. another way of improving health in the medical model is by performing a procedure like blank. the public health model is also called the blankmodel. in this model, the focus shifts to blankhealth management and disease prevention. the individual is no longer the focus, and the funding shifts to community health. hygiene, sanitation, hazardous work conditions, drug abuse, and even blankare issues that the public health model addresses. since prevention is important in the public health model, blank, such as regular checkups and screenings, is a critical part of managing health. the primary difference between the two models is that one addresses treating individual illness, and the other addresses blank.
medical, disease, medication, surgery, ecological, population, stress, access to health care, and disease prevention are the missing words in the paragraph.
In the ecological model individual health is the focus. It measures health in terms of disease prevention and improvement in health occurs by a medical intervention such as prescribing medication. Another way of improving health in the medical model is by performing a procedure like surgery.
The public health model is also called the access to healthcare model. In this model the focus shifts to population health management and disease prevention. The individual is no longer the focus and the funding shift to community health. Hygiene, sanitation, hazardous work conditions, drug abuse, and even stress are issues that the public health model addresses.
Since prevention is important in the public health model, medical such as regular checkups and screenings is a critical part of management health. The primary difference between the two models is that one addresses treating individual illness and the other addresses disease.
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pooled safety results through 1 year of 2 phase iii trials of guselkumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis proton rahman
Some persons with psoriasis experience psoriatic arthritis, a kind of arthritis. It is a condition that results in red skin areas covered in silvery scales.
Psoriatic arthritis:
Objective: To evaluate the safety of guselkumab (anti-interleukin [IL]-23p19 monoclonal antibody) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) through one year (1Y) of the phase III DISCOVER-1 and DISCOVER-2 trials.
METHODS: Patients with active PsA (n=1120; biologic naïve except for 118 patients with DISCOVER-1 who were treated with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors) were randomized to guselkumab 100 mg subcutaneously. were assigned every 4 weeks (Q4W) or week 0 and then every 4 weeks. 8 weeks (Q8W); or placebo. At week 24, the patient in the placebo group switched her to guselkumab 100 mg every 4 weeks.
Result: Through week 24, adverse events (AEs) were consistent between placebo and guselkumab. No uveitis, active tuberculosis, opportunistic infections, or inflammatory bowel disease were observed in the guselkumab-treated patient for 1 year, a low rate of malignancy and serious cardiovascular (CV) adverse events. was observed. Injection site reactions occurred in 1.7% and antibodies to guselkumab occurred in her 4.5% of patients treated with guselkumab for her 1 year.
Conclusion: Guselkumab 100 mg Q4W and Q8W were well tolerated in PsA patients with no new safety concerns during his one-year phase III DISCOVER trial. The safety of guselkumab over 1 year in patients with PsA is consistent with that in patients with psoriasis treated with guselkumab.
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in 1813, swiss physician jean-francois coindet hypothesized that he could use to treat goiter.
Eating seaweed, according to the statement, is a remedy for goiter, a severe swelling of the thyroid gland inside the neck.
What exactly is goiter?A goiter is typically caused by an iodine shortage or thyroid gland inflammation. Not all goiters are symptomatic. Swelling and coughing are two possible symptoms. Symptoms may also include throat constriction or difficulty breathing in rare cases.
What's the most prevalent reason for a goiter?A deficiency of iodine is the most common cause of goiter.. Iodine is required by the body to create thyroid hormones. If you don't get enough iodine from your diet, your thyroid grows to try to capture as much iodine as possible so that it can produce the proper quantity of thyroid hormone.
What effect does seaweed have on your body?Many antioxidants are found in seaweed in the form of vitamins (A, C, and E) and protective pigments. It contains a sufficient quantity of iodine, a trace mineral essential for thyroid health and function. Some seaweeds, like purple laver, also have high levels of B12.
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the nurse suspects that an adolescent has anorexia nervosa. which characteristics may have been observed
The nurse suspects that an adolescent has anorexia nervosa the characteristics may have been observed.
Denying illnessmissing food maintaining rigid body controlWhat is anorexia nervosa?Anorexia is characterized by a distorted perception of oneself and an unfounded fear of being overweight. Fasting or increased exertion in an attempt to maintain a normal weight are symptoms. Medical therapy may be required to return to normal weight. Talk therapy can assist with self-esteem and behavioral improvements.
What are the many types of anorexia nervosa?Anorexia nervosa is classified into two subtypes: restricting and non-restricting. Binge-eating/purging type, where there are periods of food consumption that are compensated for by self-induced vomiting, cathartic or diuretic misuse, and/or excessive activity.
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Providers who don't have contractual agreements with an insurance company are referred to as
Question 14 options:
a) PAR.
b) third-party.
c) nonPAR.
d) illegal.
* 25. national institute for occupational safety and health (niosh) and the usp have regulated the implementation of three groups of hazardous drugs. the goal for this regulation is:
The USP and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have controlled the use of three classes of dangerous medications.
The main organization in charge of conducting research and making recommendations for actions to take to prevent work-related injuries is NIOSH.
This regulation's objective is: Avoid exposing staff or students to dangerous medications.The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) carries out research and offers suggestions for avoiding illnesses and injuries at work.Three categories of dangerous pharmaceuticals were added to the 2014 list: antineoplastic drugs, non-antineoplastic hazardous drugs, and drugs having reproductive consequences.
The term "dangerous drug" was changed from the one used by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
The NIOSH criteria include teratogenicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, organ toxicity at low doses, and medicines that mirror the structure or toxicity of currently available pharmaceuticals.
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the nurse has a physician's order for haloperidol (haldol) 10 mg for a severely psychotic client. the client refuses the medication. which nursing intervention is an appropriate response?
Accept the client's decision is an appropriate response
What is psychotic behavior ?People who experience psychosis start to lose touch with reality. This may entail having hallucinations, which involve seeing or hearing things that others cannot see or hear, and holding beliefs that are not true (delusions).
Delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations are signs of psychosis (seeing or hearing things that others do not see or hear). Other signs include inappropriate behaviour and speech that is illogical or incomprehensible.There are times when symptoms vanish rapidly and a person can immediately return to their normal routine. Others could require support for a longer period of time and require several weeks or months to recover. Keep in mind that insanity is curable, and many people will recover superbly.Learn more about Psychotic behavior here:
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patient-reported outcome measures in ms: do development processes and patient involvement support valid quantification of clinically important variables?
The quality of the data that PROs create has, up to this point, constantly suffered from a lack of conceptual frameworks, patient involvement, and precise definitions of the concepts of interest. To maximize the utility of pivotal clinical trials, more thorough PRO instrument development must be done.
Do patient involvement and the development process for patient-reported outcome measures in MS promote the reliable measurement of clinically significant variables?Background: Studies on multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently analyze patient-reported outcomes (PROs). However, there are issues with the validity of linked data due to the variability in the quality of instrument development processes.
objectives: Review the development of a few PROs that are frequently used in MS studies, paying particular attention to the ideas measured, the usage of conceptual frameworks, and the level of involvement from MS patients. to learn more about PlwMS's opinions and advice for using these PROs.
Results: There were frequently gaps in the definitions, explanations, and conceptualizations of the measuring variables. PlwMS participated in PRO development in a variety of ways. Rarely was ethnic diversity documented. Individualization, simplicity, time commitment, and manner of administration were all noted by PlwMS as influencing PRO usability.
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multidisciplinary practical guidelines for gastrointestinal access for enteral nutrition and decompression from the society of interventional radiology and american gastroenterological association (aga) institute, with endorsement by canadian interventional radiological association (cira) and cardiovascular and interventional radiological society of europe (cirse
The given statement is true. The American Gastroenterological Association is a medical association of gastroenterologists.
What is Gastroenterology?A professional organization for gastroenterologists is the American Gastroenterological Association. The AGA was established in 1897 and now has 16,000 members across the globe who are involved in the practice, research, and educational aspects of gastroenterology.The AGA Institute is responsible for managing the organization's practice, research, and educational initiatives. The AGA, a 501 organization, is in charge of the organization's practice, research, and educational initiatives, while the AGA Institute, also a 501 entity, oversees membership and public policy matters. Diseases of the gastrointestinal (stomach and intestines) and hepatological (liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas) systems are diagnosed, treated, and prevented by gastroenterologists. Gastroenterology is the study of conditions affecting the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, malice ducts, and liver as well as their regular operation.The complete question is:
multidisciplinary practical guidelines for gastrointestinal access for enteral nutrition and decompression from the society of interventional radiology and american gastroenterological association (aga) institute, with endorsement by canadian interventional radiological association (cira) and cardiovascular and interventional radiological society of europe (cirse) true/false .
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Two recommended resources designed to assist in interpreting signs and symptoms are the _____ online medical library and the american academy of family physicians website.
triple vs dual inhaler therapy and asthma outcomes in moderate to severe asthma a systematic review and meta-analysis
When compared to dual therapy, triple therapy was significantly linked with fewer severe asthma exacerbations and small improvements in asthma control in children and adults with moderate to severe asthma. There were no significant differences in life quality of life or mortality.
What causes asthma and how is it treated?Exposure to numerous irritants and chemicals that cause allergies (allergens) can cause asthma symptoms. Asthma triggers vary from person to person and can include: airborne allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, or cockroach excrement particles.
Who is at risk of developing asthma?Asthmatics are more common in individuals who grew up or reside in cities. Overweight or obese children and adults are more likely to develop asthma. Although the causes are unknown, some doctors believe that excess weight causes low-grade systemic inflammation.
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the concepts that are core to nursing are person, environment, health, and nurse; these are known as the nursing
The concepts that are core to nursing are person, environment, health, and nurse; these are known as the nursing metaparadigm.
What is the nursing metaparadigm?The nursing metaparadigm can be defined as all the body of scientific information in which the nursing profession is based, which involves patient, environment, and health.
In conclusion, 'the concepts that are core to nursing are person, environment, health, and nurse; these are known as the nursing metaparadigm.
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you are a nurse manager of a medical-surgical unit. one of your staff rns tells you that she just hurt her back lifting a patient. she rates the pain as 4 on a scale from 0 to 10. the appropriate action is to
The appropriate action is to make arrangements to see employee health.
Medical-Surgical Unit :The Medical-Surgical Unit cares for individuals who are hospitalized for a range of diseases such as pneumonia, stroke, and fractures. Our caregivers also prepare patients for medical procedures and offer necessary post-surgery care till the patient is discharged.
What types of conditions does a med surg nurse treat?A med surg nurse cares for patients who have an acute or possibly acute sickness or injury, are experiencing an aggravation of a chronic condition impacting one or more body systems, and/or are preparing for it from surgery.
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Which drug can cause pinpoint pupils, amnesia, and hypotension? a. methylphenidate (ritalin) b. dextromethorphan (robitussin) c. amphetamine (adderall) d. cocaine
The correct answer is option b, dextromethorphan (Robitussin). A synthetic opiate called dextromethorphan (Robitussin) depresses the central nervous system and may have side effects including pinpoint pupils, forgetfulness, and hypertension.
The pharmaceutical dextromethorphan is most frequently found in over-the-counter cold and cough remedies as a cough suppressant. It can be purchased as a syrup, tablet, spray, or lozenge. It belongs to a group of drugs called morphinans that have sedative, dissociative, and stimulating effects.
This combination drug is used to treat coughs brought on by bronchitis, the common cold, and other respiratory conditions. Dextromethorphan and guaifenesin are the two main active components in Robitussin.
Antitussive medication dextromethorphan is used to treat persistent coughing. It aids in stopping your cough by reducing the brain activity that causes the urge to cough.
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penicillin v (potassium), 75 mg orally every 8 hours, is prescribed for a child with a respiratory infection. the medication label reads penicillin v, 125 mg per 5 ml. the nurse has determined that the dosage prescribed is safe for the child. the nurse prepares to administer how many milliliters per dose to the child? fill in the blank.
The nurse prepares to administer 3 milliliters per dose to the child.
The dose recommended in the medical prescription might not be accessible in the actual world. Inderal 10-mg tablets, not the 15-mg tablets indicated, may be available at the hospital. The nurse calculates the appropriate dosage to administer to the patient based on the medication order and the dose that is on hand. The formula method uses the following formula to determine the appropriate dose.
Formula for Desired Dose
[tex]\frac{D}{H} .V= A[/tex]
D = The desired dosage
H = Have you got
V = tablets or liquid
A is the estimated dosage to be given to the patient.
Putting in the values we get,
75 / 125 × 5 = 3 mL is the desired dose.
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