A child has cystic fibrosis (cf). which medication does the healthcare professional teach the parents about?

Answers

Answer 1

Cystic fibrosis need for moving out their airway mucus, the first step that doctors should teach parents is to chest physiotherapy of the children expel mucus, it helps to loosen and move out anything in the airways.

What is  Cystic fibrosis ?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a type of inherited disorder which causes serious damage to the lungs, digestive system in the body, it affects the cells which produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices and the secreted fluids are normally thin and slippery.

Here the protein is affected by the hereditary disease called cystic fibrosis (CF), where this defective protein affects the cells, tissues, and glands that produce mucus and sweat.

Here the Normal mucus is slick and serves to protect the tissues, airways, and other organs, cystic fibrosis release a thick, gooey mucus which can  accumulate and cause obstructions, harm, or infections in the afflicted organs.

Learn more about  Cystic fibrosis, here:

https://brainly.com/question/28234686

#SPJ4


Related Questions

When discussing estrogen replacement therapy (ert) with a perimenopausal woman, the nurse should include the risks of?

Answers

Tibolone has been related to a higher risk of breast cancer than vaginal estrogens. Breast cancer risk is only modestly elevated when HRT is used for less than a year.

What is risk of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)?

Increased risk of endometrial cancer is one of the health concerns of HRT (only when estrogen is taken without progestin) This is not a problem for women who have had a hysterectomy (uterus removed).

Breast cancer risk is increased with continued use. Risk of cardiovascular disease is higher.

Hormone therapy may make certain women more susceptible to blood clots, heart attacks, strokes, breast cancer, and gallbladder issues.

Certain forms of HRT carry a larger risk than others, and each woman's risk varies according to her medical history and way of life.

Therefore, risks of breast cancer, heart attacks, strokes are the effect of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT).

Learn more about estrogen replacement therapy here:

https://brainly.com/question/15903506

#SPJ4

food sources contain the most carbohydrate

Answers

The food sources that contain the most carbohydrates will be those of starches and sugars such as sugary drinks, chips, and candies.

3.
Writing Write a paragraph describing
two or more features you would compare
when shopping for a facial cleanser.

Answers

Answer:

I don't know just give me points

Explanation:

The average 8- to 18-year-old spends
physical activity.
A. 0 hours
B. 30 minutes
C. 1 hour
D. 3 hours or more
per day on average in front of a screen doing very little to no
Please select the best answer from the choices provided.


Answers

Answer: D

Explanation:

Answer: your answer is D: 3 hours or more hope this helps u ; )

Explanation:

what is the expenditure rate worldwide for mental disorders

Answers

Answer: A total of $106.5 billion in expenditures was reported for the treatment of mental disorders among adults 18 and older in 2019.

Explanation: hope this helps!!!

About what portion of the spending on health in the united states is sourced from government (public) funds?

Answers

About 25 percent portion of the spending on health in the United States is sourced from government (public) funds.

Health expenditure includes all expenditures for the availability of health services, planning activities, nutrition activities and emergency aid selected for health, however it excludes the availability of drinkable and sanitation.

The United States ranks last overall, despite outlay way more of its gross domestic product on health care. The U.S. ranks last on access to worry, body potency, equity, and health care outcomes, however second on measures of care method.

To learn more about United States here

brainly.com/question/1273547

#SPJ4

The nurse is providing postoperative care to a client returning from a hemorrhoidectomy. which action is the priority for the nurse to perform?

Answers

The action that the nurse should prioritize is to give pain medicines and advice relating to pain control.

An widespread or severe case of internal or external hemorrhoids may require surgery called a hemorrhoidectomy. Although it has the highest likelihood of complications, surgical hemorrhoidectomy is the most successful treatment for hemorrhoids.The surgical treatment most frequently performed to treat internal hemorrhoids is called a closed hemorrhoidectomy.A sharp instrument, such as a scalpel, scissors, electrocautery, or even a laser, is used to cut out hemorrhoidal bundles, and the incision is then completely closed with absorbable suture. All three hemorrhoidal columns are often treated simultaneously. Regular sitz baths, moderate analgesics, and avoiding constipation are all part of postoperative treatment. 95% of the time, closed hemorrhoidectomy is effective.Pain, delayed bleeding, urinary retention/urinary tract infection, fecal impaction, and, very infrequently, infection and wound disintegration are possible side effects.

Therefore, painkillers must be given.

Learn more about postoperative care:

https://brainly.com/question/28256845

#SPJ4

Which tendency of people with a type a behavior pattern is strongly associated with heart disease?

Answers

Numerous studies have conclusively shown that one of the most significant risk factors for heart disease may be the Type A behavior pattern's dimension of anger/hostility.

What is associated with heart disease?

Heart disease has been related to diet heavy in cholesterol, fat, salt, and sugar. Elevated blood pressure Unchecked hypertension can result in the arteries hardening and thickening.

According to the first quantitative evaluation and meta-analysis of related data, anger, and hostility are strongly linked to both a higher risk for coronary heart disease (CHD).

In healthy individuals, and worse outcomes in patients with pre-existing heart disease.

Therefore, anger/hostility  tendency of people with a type a behavior pattern is strongly associated with heart disease.

Learn more about anger here:

https://brainly.com/question/16108410

#SPJ4

Which actions will the nurse take after noticing bibasilar crackles in a client who had an open cholecystectomy on the previous day? select all that apply. one, some, or all responses may be correct.

Answers

Bibasilar rales are abnormal sounds from the base of the lungs. They indicate that something is interfering with the airflow and the nurse should call the attending physician and keep the patient breathing normally.

What causes rales?

Rale is caused by excessive production or retention of secretions in the airways in very debilitated patients, who are unable to cough up or swallow these secretions. It may be associated with a slight obstruction of the upper airways (hypopharynx and trachea).

With this information, we can conclude that  the nurse should call the attending physician and keep the patient breathing normally.

Learn more about  Bibasilar rales  in  brainly.com/question/14478922

#SPJ1

Most health benefits occur with at least ______________ a week of moderate-intensity physical activity, such as brisk walking. additional benefits occur with more physical activity.

Answers

Most health benefits occur with at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity physical activity, such as brisk walking.

Additional benefits occur with more physical activity.Adults should avoid sitting still. Adults who engage in any level of physical exercise get some health advantages, and some physical activity is better than none.Adults should engage in aerobic exercise for at least 150 minutes (two hours and thirty minutes) or 75 minutes (one hour and fifteen minutes) each week, or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity aerobic activity, for significant health advantages.Aerobic exercise should be done in sessions lasting at least 10 minutes, ideally spaced out over the course of the week.Adults should increase their aerobic physical exercise to 300 minutes (5 hours) of moderate intensity per week for further and more significant health advantages.

Therefore, the correct answer is 150 mins.

Learn more about exercise:

https://brainly.com/question/1365564

#SPJ4

The nurse is making a bed occupied by a client. how would the nurse position the client when loosening bottom bed linens?

Answers

The client will be lying on one side when nurse will loose bottom bed linens.

what are clinical nursing skills ?

Health care providers employ clinical skills for examining, diagnosing, and treating patients. Clinical skills could refer to information that has been put to use in medicine, such evaluating blood tests.

Hard or soft clinical skills are also possible. Soft skills like communication are crucial for communicating with patients and acquiring sufficient data to correctly diagnose and treat them.

Hard skills are more specialized knowledge and skills related to your trade, such as the ability to interpret vital signs, gather samples, and give medicine.

Examples of clinical nursing skills:

Communication- In order to properly treat patients, it might be important to listen to them and hear what they are saying.

Observation- A skill in observing is the ability to understand the information you learn through your sense.

Diagnostics- Diagnostics is a clinical skill that doctors use to identify the problem that their patients are having.

To know more about nursing skills visit:

https://brainly.com/question/13216203

#SPJ4

The complete question is:

The nurse is making a bed occupied by a client. How would the nurse position the client when loosening bottom bed linens?

a. sitting up

b. lying on one side

c. lying flat

d. lying prone

The nurse should prioritize which aging theory when teaching a weight loss program for older adults?

Answers

When teaching a weight loss program for older adults the nurse should use non-stochastic theories.

What is non-stochastic theories?

According to non-stochastic theories, aging is predetermined by programmed cell changes or changes in the neuroendocrine or immunologic systems.

Many factors other than genetics, according to psychosocial theories, contribute to aging.

When teaching an older adult weight loss program, the nurse should employ non-stochastic theories.

Thus, as the weight loss program is predesigned it can be considered as a part of non-stochastic theories.

For more details regarding non-stochastic theories, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/12016005

#SPJ1

Why is it that enviornmental teratogens may be even more treacherous to deal with than other factors such as maternal illness or the use of drugs during pregnancy?

Answers

The environmental teratogens are maybe even more treacherous to deal with than others because people are so often unaware of environmental teratogens in their surroundings.

What are environmental teratogens?

External substances called environmental teratogens can raise a fetus' or embryo's risk of developing cancer, deformities, mutagenesis, or defective growth. Teratogenic agents fall into two broad categories: environmental agents or influences and mistakes in genetic processes.

Some pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, tobacco, chemicals, alcohol, some diseases, and in some situations, unmanaged health issues in the expectant parent are examples of common teratogens. A well-known teratogen, alcohol intake during pregnancy can have negative consequences on the developing fetus.

What factors influence teratogens impact?

Teratogens are substances that can harm a developing embryo or baby, including viruses, medications, toxins, and radiation. Not all embryos are affected similarly by teratogens; sensitivity to injury is influenced by the genetic make-up of the embryo or baby, the pregnant mother, and the caliber of the prenatal environment.

To know more about teratogens, visit: https://brainly.com/question/28256395

#SPJ4

Check all that apply as the responsibilities of Occupational Therapists:
-Evaluation
-Treatment Planning
-Daily Note Documentation
-Patent Safety

Answers

All both except the third one

The responsibilities of Occupational Therapists are evaluation, treatment planning, Treatment daily note documentation, and Patent Safety. Hence, all of these are correct answers.

Occupational therapists assess their patients' physical, cognitive, emotional, and environmental capabilities to determine their specific needs and challenges. Based on the evaluation, occupational therapists create individualized treatment plans to help patients improve their daily living skills, regain independence, and achieve their therapeutic goals. Occupational therapists are responsible for documenting their interactions with patients, progress made, and any changes to the treatment plan in the form of daily notes or progress reports. Ensuring the safety of patients during therapy sessions is an essential responsibility of occupational therapists. Hence, all of these are correct answers.

Learn more about Occupational therapists here.

https://brainly.com/question/28588789

#SPJ7

A patient whose systolic blood pressure is less than 90 mmhg is usually considered?

Answers

A patient whose systolic blood pressure is less than 90 mmhg is usually considered as hypotensive.

What is Blood Pressure?

The force of moving blood acting against blood vessel walls is known as blood pressure. The heart pumps blood via the circulatory system, which causes the majority of this pressure. The pressure in the major arteries is meant when the word "blood pressure" is used without qualifier. In the cardiac cycle, blood pressure is often stated as the ratio of systolic pressure to diastolic pressure. It is expressed in mercury millimeters (mmHg) above the atmospheric pressure in the immediate area.

Systemic vascular resistance, cardiac output, and blood flow all have an impact on blood pressure. Volume, vascular stiffness, emotional state, activity, and relative disease/health states all vary. Baroreceptors control blood pressure in the short term by influencing the neurological and endocrine systems through the brain.

Learn more about Blood with the help of the given link:

https://brainly.com/question/8390077

#SPJ4

2 points
In order for a goal to be measurable, it must be specific. Which goal is fully measurable, according the SMART technique?
I would like to run a 5K race, 3.1 miles, in under 30 minutes.
I would like to be healthier in the next 3 months
Within the next 3 months, I would like to run a 5 K race, 3.1 miles, in under 30 minutes.
I would like to lose 15 pounds
Previous

Answers

The goals which is fully measurable is- I would like to be healthier in the next 3 months, I would like to run a 5K race , 3.1 miles in under 30 minutes.

SMART technique is a technique in which S stands for Specific, M for  Measurable, A for Achievable, R for Relevant, and T for Time-Bound. You can be certain that your aims can be accomplished within a given timeframe by specifying these factors in connection to your objective.

The SMART method encourages you to go further, provides you with a feeling of purpose, and you in organizing and achieving your objectives.

Hence, According to the given question 3rd option seems more specific, measurable, achievable, relevant an time bound.

To learn more about SMART technique refer- https://brainly.com/question/8986181

#SPJ9

Create a sample lunch menu for a group of 2-year-olds. discuss what precautions need to be taken before the children are served. (should the items be sliced, should there be a check for allergies?) then discuss what method would be better for serving your meal-pre-plated or family style and why.

Answers

Ok, so first you need to figure out foods that the 2-year-olds like. And always cut/slice the food. ESPECIALLY HOT DOGS! CUT THEM IN QUARTERS!!!!!!! And always check for allergies, because not checking for them can actually be a deadly mistake depending on how allergic the child is. And as far as how to serve it, you would be better off serving it pre-plated. Otherwise, if you serve it family style (It's on the table and you can take what you like), the 2-year-olds will only take a couple things, and ignore the others. If you have it pre-plated they are kinda forced to eat what's on their plate.

Trust me, I have a 2-year-old brother

one event that really influenced you going to 8 grade?

Answers

Probably my friends and my hard work

A(n) _____ can be measured objectively, usually by a health care provider during a physical exam.

Answers

A sign can be measured objectively, usually by a health care provider during a physical exam.

A routine physical exam ensures that you are in a good physiological state. A physical also can be a preventive step. It permits you to get a catch up of vaccinations or observe a heavy condition, like cancer or any polygenic disorder, before it causes issues.

A health care provider could be a person or entity that gives medical care or treatment. Health care providers embrace doctors, nurse practitioners, midwives, radiologists, labs, hospitals, imperative care clinics, medical provide corporations, and different professionals, facilities, and businesses that give such medical services.

To learn more about Physical exam here

brainly.com/question/3842596

#SPJ4

Any subjective evidence of disease that is sensed by the patient is called a(n) _______.

Answers

A symptom is any subjective sign of a disease that the patient perceives.

In medical terms, describe the symptoms

An issue with one's body or mind that could be a sign of an illness or condition. Medical testing do not detect symptoms, which are invisible. Headache, exhaustion, nausea, and pain are a few examples of symptoms.

Why is it crucial to recognize signs and symptoms?

Signs and symptoms are the body's ways of letting a person know that not everything is operating regularly, regardless of who first observes that a system or body component is not functioning normally. While some signs and symptoms may require further medical attention, others may go away entirely on their own.

Knowing the warning signs can assist you in determining whether you need to speak with a specialist. The first stage in a treatment plan is often for a patient to receive an appropriate diagnosis. There is no specific medical test for diagnosing mental illness, unlike diabetes or cancer.

Learn more about symptoms: https://brainly.com/question/20355262

#SPJ4

What type of equipment is used by health professionals to access an electronic
medical record? Choose all correct answers.
paper chart
computer
laptop
forms

Answers

The type of equipment is used by health professionals to access an electronic medical record include the following:

ComputerLaptop

What is an Electronic record?

This is defined as any type of information which is created, used and stored in a form that only a computer can process.

This is the safest means of data storage as it helps to eliminate the risk of losing it to factors such as fire, water etc. This method can also be easily retrieved unlike paper records and examples of equipment which can be used to access them are computers and laptops.

Read more about Electronic record here https://brainly.com/question/13293225

#SPJ1

HIV often destroys brain cells, causing confusion and memory loss
a. in the last stages of HIV, or AIDS.
b. in the symptomatic stage of infection.
C.
even when no other symptoms are present.
d. as the immune system keeps pace with HIV infection.

Answers

HIV often destroys brain cells, causing confusion and memory loss in the last stages of HIV, or AIDS (Option a).

What is HIV disease?

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus capable of attacking the immune system and produce a disease called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is associated with severe problems  in the health of the individual including confusion and memory loss in the last stages of this disease.

In conclusion, HIV often destroys brain cells, causing confusion and memory loss in the last stages of HIV, or AIDS (Option a).

Learn more about HIV disease here:

https://brainly.com/question/862955

#SPJ1

1/2 cup of prepared stuffing contains 170 total calories, the serving gets 134 calories from protein and carbohydrates, haw many grams of fat are in a serving of the stuffing

Answers

The weight of fat in the serving of the stuffing is 4 grams.

The energy released by a substance is measured by its calorific value.

The calorific value is measured in kilo calories(kcal).

Three major nutrients are present in our food- carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

The calorific value of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is 4 kcal/g, 4 kcal/g, and 9 kcal/g.

It is given, that there are 170 total calories, out of which 134 kilo calories come from proteins and carbohydrates and the rest comes from fat.

Thus, the calories coming from fat are 170-134 = 36 kilo calories.

As the calorific value of 1 gram of fat is 9 kcal.

Hence, the weight of fat for 36 kcal is 36/9 = 4 grams.

Therefore, the weight of fat in the serving of the stuffing is 4 grams.

To know more about "calorific value", refer to the following link:

https://brainly.com/question/19580135?referrer=searchResults

#SPJ4

Ultraviolet rays of the sun stimulate production of _________________ in the skin.

Answers

Ultraviolet rays of the sun stimulate production of melanin in the skin.

Sunlight is the main supply of ultraviolet rays, even if they are solely a little portion of the sun's rays. Different types of ultraviolet rays reach the ground in different amounts. 95% of UV rays are UVA while 5% are UVB rays.

The skin uses sunlight to increase in the manufacture of vitamin D, that is vital for normal bone formation. However there is a draw back as the sun's ultraviolet rays could cause major harm to the skin. The increase in production of melanin in skin leads to darkening of skin. Ultraviolet rays of the sun could cause skin cancer and melanoma.

To learn more about Ultraviolet rays here

brainly.com/question/13138558

#SPJ4

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have ___ to enable accurate and fast ___ of our internal mechanisms

Answers

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have men to enable accurate and fast water of our internal mechanisms

The laboratory procedure constructed by gibson and walk (1960) to determine whether or not an infant could perceive depth is called?

Answers

The visual cliff is the name of the laboratory test developed by Gibson and Walk (1960) to see if a baby could perceive depth.

What is Gibson's visual cliff?

Eleanor J. Gibson and Richard D. Walk, psychologists at Cornell University, developed the visual cliff as a tool to study how humans and other animals perceive depth. It consists of a strong, flat surface that appears to descend many feet in the middle.

What were the findings of the visual cliff experiment?

Human infants avoid the deep side of visual cliffs starting around a month after they first learn to crawl, according to tests. When humans become more adept crawlers, they start to avoid the deep side. Babies don't seem to notice the cliff when they are initially learning to crawl.

Gibson and Walk came to the conclusion that the newborns' ability to perceive danger from the "cliff" side may be congenital, or at the very least, evident as soon as they could crawl.

Although it takes human infants several months to learn to crawl, it's probable that throughout this period they acquired how to perceive depth. The second experiment intended to use animals to investigate this potential.

The results imply that understanding depth is a natural process.

To know more about the visual cliff, visit: https://brainly.com/question/13545163

#SPJ4

The nurse is assessing speech development in the 2-year-old toddler whose family uses two languages in the home. what finding is of concern?

Answers

The concern of the family is to the toddler speaks 15 words between the two languages.

What happens if a child grows up bilingual?

Children who are bilingual grow equally in both of their languages.

Bilingual children typically, but not always, appear to have smaller vocabularies in each of their languages than monolingual children of the same age in studies of vocabulary development that directly contrast bilingual and monolingual children.Speaking only 15 words between Spanish and English is concerning.

The bilingual infant should know 20 words by the age of 20 months.

Everyone in the neighborhood gains a greater understanding of various languages and cultures.

When they grow up, kids will have an easier time working and traveling in other cultures.

Children comprehend and value various cultures.

Children now more readily accept other viewpoints on the world.

To learn more about Assessing speech, refer

to https://brainly.com/question/25148363

#SPJ4

Your patient had a large ischemic stroke and is hospitalized in the neurologic intensive care unit. what interventions will be provided for this patient to decrease intracranial pressure?

Answers

The interventions that will be provided for this patient to decrease intracranial pressure are:

Acetazolamide or topiramate to decrease pressure inside the skull.Pain relievers or a medication used to treat migraines.If necessary, weight loss.Sometimes surgery to reduce pressure inside the skull.

What is the best treatment for intracranial hypertension?

In the acute phase, treatment may consist of the use of corticosteroids, which have the function of helping to reduce or prevent brain swelling or cerebral edema. If an infection is the main cause of the rise in ICP, antibiotics may be prescribed.

With this information, we can conclude that Treatment for intracranial hypertension is usually done while in hospital and depends on the cause. However, it is common for treatment to include injection of corticosteroids, diuretics or barbiturates into the vein, which decrease the amount of fluid in the skull and reduce pressure.

Learn more about  intracranial hypertension in  brainly.com/question/14778491

#SPJ1

What is the first step in the multilayered approach to preventing injection attacks in application development?

Answers

The first step in the multilayered approach to preventing injection attacks in application development is validate user input.

During an injection attack, an assaulter will give malicious input to an internet application and alter the operation of the applying by forcing it to execute bound commands. An injection attack will expose or harm knowledge and cause a denial of service or a full webserver compromise.

The only way stop injection attacks is input validation and parametrized queries together with ready statements. The application code ought to never use the input directly. The developer should sanitize all input, not only web inputs like login forms.

To learn more about Injection attack here

brainly.com/question/15685996

#SPJ4

The nurse is caring for a patient who had a total hip replacement. what lethal postoperative complication should the nurse closely monitor for?

Answers

The nurse is caring for a patient who had a total hip replacement and the lethal postoperative complication that the nurse should closely monitor for is blood clots.

Total hip replacement surgery is a surgical procedure and there are some potential risks that ought to be mentioned together with your doctor. Though the success rate for this procedure is high, common risks include: Blood clots within the leg and pelvis.

Postoperative care after a total hip replacement includes getting in and out of bed and walk short distances (typically a hundred and fifty to three hundred feet) with the help of helpful devices, like a walker or crutches. Eat meals sitting up. Perform easy exercises. Follow precautions to avoid dislocating the new hip.

To learn more about Blood clots here

brainly.com/question/11875070

#SPJ4

Other Questions
suppose that jane enjoys diet coke so much that she consumes one can every day. although she enjoys gourmet cheese, she consumes it sporadically. if the price of diet coke rises, jane decreases her consumption by only a very small amount. but if the price of gourmet cheese rises, jane decreases her consumption by a lot. these examples illustrate the importance of Can someone please help me with this as soon as possible? I will mark as brainiest! given a sales price of $375 per unit, variable cost of $125 per unit, and fixed costs of $100,000, the breakeven point in units is Research on the effects of pay level shows that how employees are paid has no effect on the performance of the employees. a. true b. false Can someone help me with this worksheet. Thank u What is the distance between -6 2/3 and 4 1/3 on a number line, in units?Select ALL that apply. is described as having a slender, milky-white face with dark eyes that observe everything with a kind of hunger for knowledge How many lines appear in a square Which of the following should be the same in identical twins? a. the set of antibodies produced b. the set of MHC molecules produced c. the set of T cell antigen receptors produced d. the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive Determine the sum of the first n terms of the geometric sequence for the values of a, and r.n = 4, a = -3, r = 3 describe one tool or instrument, other than a thermometer, that works using the principle of thermal expansion. Select the correct answer. What is this expression in simplified form? 22-718 OA 185 OB. 842 OC. 84 OD. 14sqrt6 Can any word in this language be interpreted as a string of elements from s in two different ways? You have learnt that your younger brother intends to involve himself in examination malpractice during the WASSCE write a letter to him warning him of the dangers of such an action and urging him to concentrate in his studies instead (PLEASE HELP) -5 - (-5/3) Which energy level has the highest amount of energy? A First B Second C Third D Fourth a train is travelling at a speed of 90 miles per hour. the driver of the train plans on maintaining this speed for the next 120 miles, plus or minutes 15 miles. find the minimum and maximum numbers of hours the train will travel at that speed. What are the weaknesses of an entrepreneur from the section? ANSWER THIS CORRECTLY TO BE BRAINLIEST A regular hexagon is divided into 6 congruent triangles. If the perimeter of the hexagon. is 48 centimeters, what is the height of each triangle? A 4 \mathrm{~cm} B 4 \sqrt{3} \mathrm{~cm} C 6 \sqrt{3} \mathrm{~cm} D 8 \mathrm{~cm} E 8 \sqrt{3} \mathrm{~cm}