1980’s why did unions decline?

Answer:

Increasing market rivalry, decreased manufacturing activity, and technology innovation that has replaced human labor have all been proposed as explanations for this occurrence. While all of these variables are crucial, such explanations ignore the political and institutional components of the transition. Dec

Explanation:

IBM, the world's largest computer manufacturer, announced the first layoffs in its 80-year history in February 1993. Throughout the 1980s, the firm had seen a gradual drop in profitability and slow development due to increased foreign and local competition; personnel modification and cost reduction looked necessary. Nonetheless, IBM's decision was a significant break from the company's well-known reputation of lifetime employment. It has prided itself on looking after its personnel throughout its history. However, when seen in a larger context, what was actually surprising was that the firm had managed to avoid layoffs for so long; most of its competitors had already embraced the practice as necessary. Since the 1980s, corporate America has been subjected to waves of downsizing. Firms made layoffs amid economic downturns long before the 1980s. However, prominent US corporations' layoff policies changed dramatically in the 1980s. Previously, layoff denoted a temporary suspension of employment with the expectation that laid-off workers would be called back when economic conditions improved, but it has increasingly evolved to indicate permanent termination (see Figure 1 attachment). Furthermore, unlike in the past, even strong and lucrative businesses have begun to downsize. For example, Xerox stated in 1993 that it would lose 10,000 positions, or about 10% of its workforce, despite the fact that the firm had been successful for several years before to the announcement. Its CEO emphasized that the firm needed to be lean and adaptable in order to compete effectively. What is the cause of this dramatic shift in layoff policy among significant US corporations? Increasing market rivalry, decreased manufacturing activity, and technology innovation that has replaced human labor have all been proposed as explanations for this occurrence. While all of these variables are crucial, such explanations ignore the political and institutional components of the transition. In recent research, I show that altering inter-class power dynamics inside big US corporations were behind the shift in layoff policy. Several prior studies have found that wealthy shareholders and senior executives advocated for permanent layoffs as a way to increase shareholder value—the company's stock price. However, these studies do not paint a whole picture of the inter-class power struggle over layoff policy. They neglect how employees and labor unions resisted the modification of layoff practices and how the larger political context limited their capacity to fight while emphasizing on the involvement of shareholders and senior executives. In my research, I look at labor unions' opposition to the transition from temporary to permanent layoffs. Labor unions reportedly fought back vehemently, but given their waning political clout, it's unclear how effective their opposition was. Industrial unions, particularly in critical industrial industries like automotive and steel, previously played a crucial role in building a system of statutory laws and unwritten conventions that compelled employers to ensure that employees' job security was linked to their reciprocal commitment to the enterprise. One move that signaled this commitment was temporary layoffs followed by recall. During economic downturns, corporations used this approach to reduce employee size while workers remained loyal to their original employers. However, in the late 1970s, the industrial unionism that dictated employment policies in many big US corporations began to crumble. As the power of industrial unionism faded, a new set of ideas arose to modify US employers' employment policies. New power groups in financial markets, particularly major institutional investors (e.g., mutual and public pension funds), began to put pressure on management to improve profitability and maximize shareholder returns as many enterprises suffered from a chronic fall in market share and profitability. Firms began to actively participate in substantial downsizing in order to preserve, recover, and even enhance their stock price, owing to institutional investors' pressure and the Reagan administration's pro-business posture. This strained the relationship between employees and their bosses even further.

Prohibition, established by the Eighteenth Amendement, stated that -

What’s the answer????

I already halfway did this but I still feel like imma get some answers wrong so can someone help me (also this is not history this is Science but brainly don't have a Science subject)

After World War II, Stalin said that the Soviet Union needed a “buffer zone” to protect it from attack. This idea resulted in the USSR expanding its control into
Northern Africa.
Western Europe.

April 11, 1945 American Troops liberate Buchenwald; Stunned to confirm Atrocities Reported by soviet Troops at Auschwitz Which groups of people did the allied forces mentioned in the headline most directly help? A. victims of allied bombing campaigns B.allied prisoners of war and nazi defectors C.suspected spies from japan, germany ,and other nations D.jewsband others deemed "undesirable" by the nazis

Which statement best describes Kenya in the years since its independence?

What did the laws in Justinian’s code deal with primarily?

Example of One Challenge to the Change political,economic,social

What is historical Revisionism mean

During the Holocaust Nazis forced Jewish people into concentration camps. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

During 1780, the Revolutionary War had become
a contest of endurance in which Americans had the advantage.
what looked like an inevitable British victory.
a matter of which side could employ the flashiest battle tactics.
a fight in which Native Americans and African Americans played a small role.
a conflict in which American victory was certain enough that the French were no longer needed.

what was american neutrailty

What was Congress doing on that day in the 1790s?

which country were the main proponent of communism?​

1) Which of the following was a border State during the U.S. Civil War?
A) Arkansas
B) Kentucky
Ohio
D) Texas

please help due tommorow and i dont know how the U.S didnt understand. Please write 3 sentences atleast.​

What decision does Bruno and Shmuel make that could affect the plot? (Chapter 18: THE BOY IN THE STRIPED PAJAMAS)

Which statement is not true about the development of railroads in the first half of the nineteenth century?
Americans eren began talking of building a railroad from north to south across the country.
The Rocket inspired American inventors to turn their attention to railroads
. Railroad companies eventually agreed to use the same gauge - the space between the rails,
Railroad companies eventually replaced wooden railroad tracks with ones made of iron
( Add a picture of your correct answer please)

Arrange the following US military actions in the correct order.

Iraq War

Persian Gulf War

Providing security in Somalia

World War ll

Peacekeeping in Bosnia

Vietnam War

War in Afghanistan

Explain the causes & effects of the Chinese Revolution

The tensions between North Korea and South Korea described in this passage began over
(1) boundaries drawn during the Cold War
(2) ethnic conflict on the Korean peninsula
(3) trade disputes centered on fishing rights in the Yellow Seal
(4) China's purchase of submarine technology from North Korea

The excerpt best reflex which of the following changes to United States Society compared to previous periods

WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST The British established the East India Company to acquire
A. oil and other natural resources in Asia.
B. spices and other goods found in Asia.
C. soldiers for their armies and navies.
D. workers for their factories and mills.

What caused the rise of Japanese imperialism?

•China attacked Japan.

•It was a response to Western imperialism.

•The U.S. invaded Japan.

•China's increased trade with Korea.

How did Mohandas Gandhi contribute to the Indian independence
movement?
A. He convinced British leaders to allow Indians to gradually earn
political freedoms.
B. He encouraged the Indian people to refuse to obey unjust British
laws.
C. He first proposed the idea of dividing Indian territory between
Muslims and Hindus.
D. He worked with the United States to supply weapons to Indian
rebel groups.

Scenario #1: While investigating a burglary, you arrest John Doe. He is handcuffed and placed in your patrol car. You sit in the front of your patrol car and ask him specific questions about his involvement with the burglary, which he answers. Scenario #2: Upon your arrival to a domestic disturbance call, you encounter a subject with a gun in the driveway. You inform the subject to drop the weapon. He does, and he tells you that he shot his wife. Which scenario above violates the suspect’s Fifth Amendment rights and which does not? Explain.

You do NOT need to be a US citizen in order to serve as a governor.


True
False

What is the best example of voter intimidation?

15
How many treaties did the United States make with Native American tribes?
Select the best answer choice.
O A One
OB.
14
Ос.
374
OD. uncountable
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When was ottoman Empire found