1. The histogram below shows the total estimated new breast cancer cases diagnosed in 2003.
Histogram
2. The results in this table below are from a 2007 study investigating BRCA mutations in women diagnosed with breast cancer. All of the women in the study had a family history of breast cancer.
BRCA Mutations in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer
BRCA1 mutation
BRCA2 mutation
No BRCA mutation
Total
Number of patients
89
35
318
442
Average age at diagnosis
43.9
46.2
50.4
Preventive mastectomy*
6
3
14
23
Preventive oophorectomy*
38
7
22
67
Number of deaths
16
1
21
38
Percent died
18
2.8
6.9
8.6
*A mastectomy is the surgical removal of one or both breasts, either partially or fully. An oophorectomy is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.
Things to address in your summary essay:
Describe how mutations lead to genetic variations.
Which appears to be more dangerous: the BRC1 or BRC2 mutation?
Analyze a woman’s risk of dying of cancer if she carries a mutated BRC1 gene.
How do heredity and inheritance relate to the data presented in these charts?
What data would you need to see in order to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of preventive surgeries?
What does the age at diagnosis tell you about the mutation?
Explain how breast-cancer genes are still present in the population, despite cancer-related surgeries and deaths.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Mutations are effectively errors in the DNA copying or transcription processes. They can occur naturally or be caused by mutagens, either chemical such as benzene or environmental such as ultraviolet light. These mutations concern the basses on DNA and can be as small as one base changing to another or as complex and detrimental as the insertion of a new base along the strand. Such mutations can drastically change the proteins created by an organism and affect entire chromosomes or genes. Some mutations that affect gametes can be passed down from parent to offspring and are called germline mutations. Such mutations can create entirely new alleles and increase a populations genetic variation. One such genetic mutation that occurs in humans in cancer. Cancers are errors in a cells DNA caused by mutations that allow the cell to grow and multiply uncontrollably copying the mutated DNA along the way. One specific type of cancer is breast cancer. Breast cancer has two different types of mutations. There are the BRCA 1 and 2 varieties. According to the charts, the BRCA 1 mutation appears to be more deadly. If a woman carries the BRCA 1 mutation, she has, once again according to the chart, an 18 percent chance of death. All of the women in the table above had a family history of cancer. This would point to the fact that cancer can be passed down as well as contracted from a certain type of mutagen known as a carcinogen. The table also references preventative surgeries in a number of women carrying both the BRCA 1 and 2 mutations as well as some without either. Unfortunately, given the data shown, it is impossible to determine the effectiveness of such procedures. To be able to judge this, data about the survival rates of women who underwent the procedures versus those who did not would be required. The bar graph above the chart also mentions ages. It shows that the numbers of cases of breast cancer increase rather quickly until ages 50-59 and then steadily and slowly decline. Most breast cancer cases occur in women 50-59 years old. This tells us that the mutation takes quite a few years to manifest as it is a genetic mutation and is furthered by the sufferers decreased ability to fight off carcinogens with age. If cancer can be removed by surgeries or by the death of the afflicted, why does it still exist in our population? The answer is simple. Cancer can be passed on hereditarily but that is not the only way for it to be contracted. Carcinogens that exist as chemicals or as environmental factors are present everywhere and can mutate one’s DNA and therefore genes. This can then be passed on to offspring as well.
Genetic variations occur as a result of recombination and mutation. Variations enable organisms to adapt to environmental conditions.
What do you mean by genetic variations?Genetic variations can arise from gene variants (also called mutations) or from a normal process in which genetic material is rearranged as a cell is getting ready to divide (known as genetic recombination).
The genetic diversity has three different sources: mutation, recombination and immigration of genes. Mutation is the driving force of genetic variation and evolution.
Genetic diversity is important because it gives species a better chance of survival. However, genetic diversity can be lost when populations get smaller and isolated, which decreases a species' ability to adapt and survive.
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Related Questions
which structure makes proteins using instructions from the nucleus
Answers
Answer:
ribosomes
Explanation:
Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. The nucleus gives coded instructions to the ribosomes, so they know what proteins to build.
What is the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) within a cell?
A) Release carbon dioxide
B) Biological molecule that stores energy
C) Use glucose
D) Controls chemical reactions
Answers
Answer:
Its B. Biological molecule that stores energy
Reason: ATP is essentially energy. It is a molecule that stores said energy from the cell.
How is prey different in wet/dry seasons in Zimbabwe?
Answers
Answer:
In the dry season, the animals congregate here freely and happily. In the wet season, though,waterholes are nothing special as there are plenty of water sources throughout the parks, so the animals are more widely dispersed and the odds of seeing them along the roads and waterholes are much slimmer.
Explanation:
Adaptations that help an organism survive appear quickly. True or False? And why
Answers
Answer:
false
Explanation:
is not worth it to do that
According to the theory of natural selection, features that may be passed down help animals adapt to their surroundings more successfully than their kin.
What condition that make organism adaptive?Adaptations are passable traits that improve an organism's capacity to endure and procreate in a given environment. An organism can manage in harsh settings, locate food and water, and protect itself by adapting.
This is the outcome of a process called natural selection. A species' nature gradually changes as a result of natural selection in order for it to fit into the niche.
If a species becomes extraordinarily well adapted to its habitat and the environment does not change, it can survive for a very long time before going extinct.
Therefore, it is false that, Adaptations that help an organism survive appear quickly.
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Which of these is a characteristic of sexual reproduction?A)It takes place in all cells of the body.B)It forms exact copies of the parent cell.C)It results in offspring with genetic variation.D)It requires only one parent to form a daughter cell.
Answers
Answer/Explanation:
It results in offspring with genetic variation. 2 different mates must be used in sexual reproduction. This is because each person is different since cells are produced and combined differently in the original offsprings. If the two adults were exactly the same, the offspring would have the exact same cell traits. Likewise will be done for the offspring of the two adults. The genes may be similiar to the ones of the adults, but since combined it will not be an exact replica. In the long run sexual reproduction will result in an offspring with slightly different traits or genetic variation.
2/3 divided by 1/6
Answers
Answer:
4
Explanation:
What are some species that are extinct? W
ecome extinct?
Answers
Answer:
Below
Explanation:
Most dinosaurs
Passenger Pigeon
Saber Toothed Tiger
Dodo
Great auk
Pyrean ibex
Giant Ground Sloth
Aurochs
Which techology allowed scientists to discover the first deep ocean hydrothermal vents?
A. a piloted deep clean vessel
B. ROV (remotely operated vessel)
C. SCUBA gear
D. satelites
Answers
Answer:
I hate this problem
Explanation:
It is v
what molecules form proteins when linked together with covalent bonds
Answers
Answer: Amino Acids
Explanation:
Proteins are formed when the organic Amino acids are linked together with covalent bonds. This means that proteins can be broken down into amino acids which is what the bond does when it processes proteins.
Amino acids are principally made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen and are classified into three groups namely: Essential amino acids , Nonessential amino acids and Conditional amino acids.
What happens to the atoms in a scoop of ice cream as it melts? They decrease in temperature. They lose energy. They vibrate faster. They are held tightly in a fixed position.
Answers
Answer:
they vibrate faster
Explanation:
Answer:
They Vibrate Faster
Explanation:
Did it on Edge 2020
-Its C
Question 1 of 10
In a cell, the two strands of a double helix of DNA do not unwind as expected,
which causes DNA replication to be blocked. What is most likely
dysfunctional in this cell?
A. Okazaki fragments
B. Helicase
C. DNA polymerasel
D. RNA primer
SUBMIT
Answers
It’s not RNA primer or DNA polymerase I got it wrong twice
it’s B; helicase.
just took the quiz.
Which environmental policy must consider the expensive startup costs associated with building machines that harvest energy from clean sources? reducing air pollution regulating deforestation introducing new farming methods protecting ocean reefs
Answers
Answer:
i think its A
Explanation:
Answer:
A. reducing air pollution
Explanation:
edge 2022
Leaves are composed of vascular tissue that brings water in so that ground tissue can conduct photosynthesis. Based on this information, what level of organization describes leaves?
Tissue
Tissue
Organ
Organ
Organ system
Organ system
Organism
Organism
Answers
Answer:
Organism
Explanation:
All the things listed are the characters of an organism
26. Evolutionary relationships can be used to answer what kinds of questions?
Answers
Answer:
To build phylogenetic trees, scientists must collect character information that allows them to make evolutionary connections between organisms. Using morphologic and molecular data, scientists work to identify homologous characteristics and genes.
Explanation:
What do you think the following do when consumed? Protein, lipid,
carbohydrate, nucleic acid.
WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
Answers
Answer:
Protiens-Amino acids which means Storage; Signals; Structural; Contractile; Defensive; Enzyme; Transport; Receptors
Lipid-Fatty acid and glycerol which means Energy storage; Protection; Chemical messengers; Repel water
carbohydrate- Monosaccharides some examples are Glucose, Fructose, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose so that means Energy storage; Structure
nucleic acid- which is pentose, nitrogenous base, phosphate AKA
Nucleotides also known as DNA, RNA which mean that it is Genetic information
hoped this helped i letiray just got done with biology
3. What does the heading
represent?
Answers
What is unique about the
protein channels which allow molecules to travel by facilitated diffusion?
A. Each channel only allows one type of molecule to pass through it
B. The channel modify the molecules DNA as they pass-through
C. The channels move molecules very quickly
Please help!!!! 10 points
Answers
Answer:
A. Each channel only allows one type of molecule to pass through it
Explanation:
Transmembrane proteins from channels spanning the membrane that create hydrophilic tunnels. They only enable diffusion across the protein channel into the cell, for their target molecules.
These are highly specific-they only allow one type or group of related molecules to use the channel. These are types of transmembrane channels, embedded within the membrane, help to maintain selective permeability, while simple diffusion of other small, uncharged molecules can readily occur.
PLEASE HELP AND THANK YOU!!!
Think about the factors that will influence the evolution of humans in the future. Name one factor that would exert influence through the process of natural selection and one factor that would exert influence through artificial selection.
A. natural selection: genetic engineering; artificial selection: demands placed on the brain
B. natural selection: individual mating choice; artificial selection: diseases
C. natural selection: diseases; artificial selection: genetic engineering
D. natural selection: demands placed on the brain; artificial selection: diseases
Answers
Part C
Projected values are only estimates. Can you think of either a natural or artificial factor that could increase or decrease the actual amount of wind energy the United States produces in the future?
Edmentum sample explanation:
Technological advancements in the future could lead to the production of higher-efficiency turbines, which could generate more electricity than originally predicted. Climate changes over time could affect wind speeds in a region, leading to higher or lower energy production.
The factors that would exert influence through the process of natural selection are a natural selection: diseases; artificial selection: and genetic engineering. The correct option is C.
What is natural selection?The strongest survive through natural selection, and the most favored traits endure through evolution. Natural selection is the result of selection pressure on a population's frequencies of a specific allele. Evolution is the process through which, over an extended period of time, new sets of naturally selected organisms emerged.
Future technological developments might result in the creation of turbines with a higher efficiency, which might produce more electricity than was initially anticipated. Wind speeds in a place may alter as the climate shifts through time, which could result in increased or decreased energy output.
Therefore, the correct option is C. natural selection: diseases; artificial selection: genetic engineering.
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Density independent factors are
Answers
Answer:
Density-independent factor, also called limiting factor, in ecology, any force that affects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population (the number of individuals per unit area).
Explanation:
The category of density independent limiting factors includes fires, natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tornados), and the effects of pollution.
Geologic Time Scale
Time Period Duration (Millions of Years ago)
Cenozoic 66-0
Mesozoic 252-66
Paleozoic 541-252
Trilobites appeared approximately 521 years ago and disappeared approximately 250 million years ago. During which era did the trilobites live?
a
Cenozoic
b
Mesozoic
c
Paleozoic
d
None of These
Answers
Answer:
C. Paleozoic
Explanation:
Trilobites are a group of extinct marine arthropods. Just like many animals from today, including crustaceans, spiders, and insects, they belonged to the phylum Arthropoda. They lived in the Paleozoic era.
We can make this conclusion based on the fact that the period they existed in (from 521 to 250 million years ago) mostly fits the period described as Paleozoic (from 541 to 252 million years ago). However, we can see that they went extinct in the Mesozoic (250 million years ago is more than 252 million years ago). Compared to the entire time they existed, 2 million years is a relatively small amount of time, which makes Paleozoic the correct option.
James Watson and Francis Crick first discovered the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953. They discovered that the molecule has a shape specific to just that molecule. That shape can be best described as-
Answers
Answer:
A double helix
Explanation:
Which statement is NOT a part of the cell theory?
Cells come from preexisting cells.
Cells are the basic unit of function of living things.
Cells are the basic unit of structure of living things.
Cell parts such as chloroplasts are self-replicating.
Answers
Answer:
Cells such as chloroplasts are self replicating
Explanation:
a chloroplast is not a cell its an organelle.
Cell Theory is a scientific theory proposed by Schwann in the year 1839. The cell theory has primary three postulates, which are used to describe the functioning of cells.
The correct answer is:
Option D. Cell parts such as chloroplasts are self-replicating.
The postulates of the cell theory are:
1. The cell theory states that all living cells arise from pre-existing cells.
2. The cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life.
3. The hereditary information is passed on from cell to cell, and the energy flows within the cell.
Thus, the statement that is not a part of cell theory is that chloroplast are self-replicating.
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the location of a blood source viewed in three mis as determined by projecting angleso part of individual bloodstains
Answers
Answer:
the direction of blood droplets can be determined from the shape of that it formed when they hit the flat surface. the tail of the elongated drop points to the travel Direction.this droplet was traveling from bottom left and upper right the victim may be somewhere in the lower left.
Explanation:
Why is taxonomy important? Taxonomy allows scientists to analyze DNA and RNA sequences. Taxonomy allows a better understanding of relationships among species. Taxonomy allows the manipulation of genes for medical purposes. Taxonomy allows scientists to use both common names and domains of life.
Answers
Answer:
Taxonomy allows a better understanding of relationships among species.
Explanation:
Taxonomy is important because it allows a better understanding of relationships among species. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is Taxonomy?Taxonomy may be defined as the process of classification of living organisms on the basis of their characteristics.
Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanical taxonomist is known as the father of taxonomy. He was the one who formulate a classical system for defining living plants and animals on the basis of their defining characteristics.
Therefore, taxonomy is important because it allows a better understanding of relationships among species. Thus, the correct option is B.
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The pancreas is a human body organ that produces digestive enzymes and two very important hormones : insulin and glucagon. These two hormones work together to regulate the level of the sugar glucose in the bloodstream. If glucose levels in the bloodstream are too low, the pancreas secrets glucagon which causes the glucose level to increase. if blood levels are too high, the hormone insulin will lower the glucose level. if a person has just eaten a meal containing a large amount of sugar and other carbohydrate, which statement best describes how the pancreas will respond.
Answers
Answer:
If you have just eaten large amounts of sugar, your pancreas will in return release a large amount of insulin to even it out again.
Explanation:
Which of the following characteristics apply mainly to invertebrates? (Choose all that
apply.)
A.) many different body plans that display all types of symmetry
b.) backbone and inner skeletal structure
c.)lack of skeletal structure in their bodies
d.)limited to no development of organ systems
Answers
Answer:
c and d
Explanation:
because they are cold blooded n have no back bone
The characteristics that mainly apply to invertebrates are as follows:
Lack of skeletal structure in their bodies.Limited to no development of organ systems.Many different body plans display all types of symmetry.Thus, the correct options are A, C, and D.
What are Invertebrates?Invertebrates may be defined as those forms of living organisms that lack a backbone, spinal cord, and central nervous system.
Invertebrates generally have bilateral or radial symmetry. They can be asymmetrical as well. They only have either incomplete or complete digestive systems. Invertebrates completely lack a skeletal system.
Therefore, the correct options for this question are A, C, and D.
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Hey I just want to give back to the community for helping me up to expert. U dont have to answer the question but its hear for fun. Why do people shrink when the get older?
Answers
Answer:
Reynolds Institute on Aging, says that we can shrink for several different reasons. “Older adults can get shorter because the cartilage between their joints gets worn out and osteoporosis causes the spinal column to become shorter,” he says. “Adults can also lose lean muscle mass but gain fat
Explanation:
thx for points!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Answer:
“Older adults can get shorter because the cartilage between their joints gets worn out and osteoporosis causes the spinal column to become shorter,” he says. “Adults can also lose lean muscle mass but gain fat. This is a condition called sarcopenia.”
Refer to the diagram to complete the sentence with the
correct numbers.
When hydrogen shares electrons with oxygen, the
outermost shell of the hydrogen atoms are full with
electrons and oxygen's valence shell is full
with
electrons. Because the valence shells
of these atoms are full, the atoms are stable.
:H
Answers
Answer:
Refer to the diagram to complete the sentence with the correct numbers.
When hydrogen shares electrons with oxygen, the outermost shell of the hydrogen atoms are full with 2
electrons and oxygen’s valence shell is full with 8
electrons. Because the valence shells of these atoms are full, the atoms are stable.
Explanation:
Edge 2021
According to the electronic configuration, when hydrogen shares electrons with oxygen , hydrogen atom has 2 electrons and oxygen atom has 8 electrons.
What is electronic configuration?Electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons which are present in an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.It describes how each electron moves independently in an orbital.
Knowledge of electronic configuration is necessary for understanding the structure of periodic table.It helps in understanding the chemical properties of elements.
Elements undergo chemical reactions in order to achieve stability. Main group elements obey the octet rule in their electronic configuration while the transition elements follow the 18 electron rule. Noble elements have valence shell complete in ground state and hence are said to be stable.
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can someone quickly answer this i need to finish so many other things lol
Answers
Explanation:
A eukaryotic cell contains membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum. Organisms based on the eukaryotic cell include protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals. These organisms are grouped into the biological domain Eukaryota.
Any organism which has a closed membrane for a nucleas is a eukaryotic cell.
(organisms who dont have a nuclear memebrane is called prokaryotic cell)
We have eukaryotic cells as we have nuclear membrane but a bactaria(a prokaryotic cell) doesnt have a nuclear memebrane and all of its nuclear substances are floating insdie it getting jumbled up.
Which is it?? DNA, RNA, or Both??
1. Single-Stranded
2. Double-Stranded
3. Nitrogen bases
4. Thymine
5. Uracil
6. Double Helix
Answers
2. DNA is double stranded
3. Nitrogenous bases can be found in both RNA and DNA.
4. Thymine is found in DNA
5. Uracil is found in RNA
6. DNA has a double helix structure