Answer:
Explanation:
Biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in the ecosystem. These are
obtained from the biosphere and are capable of reproduction. Examples of
Biotic factors are animals, birds, plants, fungi, and other similar organisms.
Biotic describes a living component of an ecosystem; for example organisms, such as plants and animals.
Examples: All living things — autotrophs and heterotrophs — plants, animals, fungi, bacteria.
Living things that directly or indirectly affect organisms in
environment; organisms, interactions, waste; parasitism, and disease.
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The complimentary base pairs for ACT are
Chargaff's rule, also known as the complementary base pairing rule, states that DNA base pairs are always adenine with thymine (A-T) and cytosine with guanine (C-G). A purine always pairs with a pyrimidine and vice versa. However, A doesn't pair with C, despite that being a purine and a pyrimidine.
Explanation:Complementary base pairs refer to the nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. in a double strand of DNA, adenine will always pair with its complement thymine and cytosine will always pair with its complement guanine. This means that the two strands are complementary to each other. For example, a strand of DNA with a nucleotide sequence of AGTCATGA will have a complementary strand with the sequence TCAGTACT.
Answer:
cytosine with guanine
Explanation:
In a cell undergoing meiosis, if synaptonemal complexes form or are still present, what process or processes have occurred?.
The synaptonemal complex , which mediates the pairing of homologous chromosomes,the critical significance in chromosome synapsis and genetic recombination, its exact molecular activity is still unknown.
When during meiosis do Synaptonemal complexes form or are still present?
Nuclear division occurs twice during meiosis, producing four nuclei and typically four daughter cells, each of which has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.The first divides homologs, whereas the second divides chromatids into individual chromosomes, much like mitosis. When chromosomes of the same type are paired together during meiosis, a biological event called crossing over takes place.Parts of the chromosome can be exchanged when two chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father, line up.The same genes may be present on the two chromosomes in different versions. During meiotic prophase, the synaptonemal complex (SC), a highly organized proteinaceous structure, forms at the junction of aligned homologous chromosomes.It has been shown that the SC has a role in both the stabilization of homolog pairing and the promotion of interhomolog crossovers (COs). By means of homologous recombination, chromosomal fragments are exchanged (crossover creation).When a cell exits pachytene and during the diplotene stage, the SC disassembles and homologous chromosomal arms separate. Meiosis increases genetic diversityEach gamete has a unique DNA set because of recombination and independent assortment during meiosis.The resultant zygote has a special set of genes as a result. The single option that does not take place during mitosis is crossing across.Crossing over includes the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and takes place during prophase I of meiosis.Tetrad formation is necessary for this, which does not take place during mitosis. New allele combinations are created in the progeny by recombination during meiosis.Starting at the "four-strand" stage, one homologous pair of chromosomes is shown.In a chromatid, each line represents a duplex DNA moleculeTo learn more about meiosis refer
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Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a ____________ backbone attached to three fatty acids.
Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids.
In the field of science, triglycerides can be described as a type of lipids that help in generating energy for the body.
As the name suggests, the structure of triglycerides is in the form of a triester. This triester comprises of three fatty acid molecules and a backbone that is made from glycerol.
Although triglycerides are used to derive energy however higher levels of triglycerides can be toxic to your body.
Triglycerides car most commonly found in food as well as in the body of an individual.
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Photosynthesis and cellularrespiration
Answer:
Both are processes within the cell which make chemical energy available for life. Photosynthesis transforms light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, and cellular respiration releases the energy from glucose to build ATP, which does the work of life.
Explanation:
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by- products and ATP is energy that is transformed from the process.
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in receptor-mediated endocytosis, the ligand-binding domain of the receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. where do the ligand-binding domains end up after endocytosis?
The ligand-binding domains end up facing the inside surface of the vesicle after the endocytosis.
Bringing in macromolecules from the extracellular fluid is done through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This route allows for the internalization of over 20 distinct receptors. Others stay on the surface until a ligand is bound, while certain receptors are continually internalized.
What are ligand-binding domains?
A hydrophobic-binding pocket in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) draws the hormone there. The ligand is trapped inside the hydrophobic environment as a result of the binding of the ligand, which changes the conformation of the LBD.
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The estimated percentage of cancers that are due to poor diet and lifestyle habits is approximately Group of answer choices3/41/21/31/4
Solution:
A large body of literature indicates that 30% to 40% of all cancer cases are related to poor dietary or lifestyle habits.
That is equivalent to 1/3.
So that the correct answer is:
1/3
in a dna double helix, adenine pairs with and guanine pairs with . a. cytosine... thymine b. uracil... cytosine c. guanine... adenine d. thymine... cytosine
In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with Thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
The nitrogenous bases present in DNA are purine (guanine and adenine) and pyrimidine (thymine and cytosine). The process to complementary base pairing rule, the number of purines in DNA is equal to the number of pyrimidines which means in DNA, adenine (A) forms a bond with thymine (T), and guanine (G) forms a bond with cytosine (C).
The number of bonds present between A–T is two ,on the other hand bond between G–C is three. Which means G–C bonds are very hard to break. Uracil is a nitrogenous base present in RNA (ribonucleic acid) and is absent in DNA.
Hence ,the correct option is d
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saliva secretion can be inhibited by pharmaceutical means. drugs such as ssri's, antihypertensives, tricyclic antidepressants, and tobacco smoke can be classified as antisialagogues because of their ability to suppress the action of the salivary glands. in what way might this impair digestion?
(a) "Carbohydrate digestion will slow down because of lack of salivary enzymes." is the way it might impair digestion.
Special enzymes found in saliva aid in the digestion of the carbohydrates in diet. Starches, or complex carbs, are broken down into sugars by an enzyme called amylase so that your body may more easily absorb them. Lingual lipase is another enzyme found in saliva that helps to break down lipids.
Food digestion starts in the mouth with the aid of salivary enzymes. The salivary amylase, lingual lipase, and ptyalin start the digestion of fat and starch in the mouth. Salivary amylase converts carbohydrates into their constituent sugars. Therefore, a deficiency of salivary enzymes is caused by a reduction in salivary output.
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Question correction:
Saliva secretion can be inhibited by pharmaceutical means. Drugs such as SSRI’s, antihypertensives, tricyclic antidepressants, and tobacco smoke can be classified as antisialagogues because of their ability to suppress the action of the salivary glands. In what way might this impair digestion?
a. Carbohydrate digestion will slow down because of lack of salivary enzymes.
b. Protein digestion will slow down because of lack of pepsinogen.
c. Fat digestion will slow down because of lack of bile.
d. None of the above. Saliva plays no role in digestion.
Cilia and flagella move...
A) In opposite directions of the cell membrane
B) When the bending of microtubules is powered by ATP
C) In the same direction of the cell membrane
D) When the contractions of the basal body triplets are powered by ATP
E)When the central pair of microtubules produce ATP
Answer:
A in opposite direction of the membrane
there are no real boundaries for natural systems. explain how this applies to systems in the human body. explain why scientists establish boundaries for natural systems.
Stabilizing boundaries is an idea to relate that humans can keep the resilience and stability of Ecosystem in mind. If these boundaries are crossed, That would effect environment and lead to drastic or inevitable planetary changes.
The planetary boundaries have a negative effect on other planetary boundary because of Earth environment. Example include, if their is a change in climatic condition ecosystem may be badly effected and may cause difficulty in human interference.
It is considered that smaller the system, the sharper is its boundary. Large systems may have multiple boundaries as they interface with multiple systems.
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At 20°c, a cell with ψp of 3 bars is in equilibrium with the surrounding 0. 4m solution of sucrose in an open beaker. What is the molar concentration of sucrose in the cell?.
At 20°c, a cell with ψp of 3 bars is in equilibrium with the surrounding 0. 4m solution of sucrose in an open beaker. The molar concentration of sucrose of the cell is 0.52 M.
Ψ S = -iCRT
R = 0.0831 liter bars/mole K.
i = 1 (for sucrose)
Psi S(surround.)= -(1) x (0.4)x (0.0831) x (273+20)
Ψ S(surround) =−9.74 PsiS(surround) = Psi P + Psi S -9.74 = 3 + Psi S
Ψ S =12.74
Ψ S =iCRT −12.74=−(1)×C×(0.0831)×(273+20) −12.74=−24.34C C = 0.52
The best approach to describe a solution's solute concentration is in terms of molar concentration. The definition of molarity, or M = mol/L, is the total number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution. The mass or moles of solute and the volume of the solution can be converted using molar concentration. The ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solution is known as concentration.
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if you allowed your dilution tubes to incubate for 24 hours before plating them, do you think the results of the experiment would be impacted? assume that unlimited resources are present in the tubes. explain your answer.
If you allowed your dilution tubes to incubate for 24 hours before plating them, the results of this experiment would be impacted.
What is incubation?Incubation is the maintenance of uniform temperature and humidity conditions to ensure the growth of microorganisms, especially bacteria.
If there is already an unlimited resource in the tube, the colony-forming units per milliliter will be affected or altered as this creates more favorable conditions for the formation of further colonies.
Even with dilution in performed in a hood and sterile medium, the microbial colony will increase as more microorganisms differentiate and increase in number over the 24 hour interval.
An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbial or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity, and other conditions such as CO2 and oxygen levels in the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for many experimental tasks in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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what is the equation for photosynthesis? what are the two steps and where do they occur in the chloroplast? what is photosystem 2 and what happens there? what happens while electrons are traveling between ps2 and ps1? how is atp generated? what is the role of ferredoxin? what happens to water at ps2? what is cyclic photophosphorylation? describe chemiosmosis what is the role of atp synthase?
The process of photosynthesis is commonly written as:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
The light-dependent and light-independent reactions are the two steps. The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membrane, whereas the dark reactions are located in the chloroplast stroma.
In higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, a membrane protein supercomplex called photosystem II (PSII) carries out the first step of photosynthesis. To accelerate a transmembrane charge separation, it absorbs sunlight.
To begin photosynthesis, a photon interacts with photosystem II's antenna pigments. The hydrogen ions are pumped into the interior of the thylakoid by the electron transport chain after the energy passes through the reaction center, which contains chlorophyll a. A significant ion concentration is created by this action.
During photosynthesis, it is the conversion of ADP to ATP utilizing solar energy. In the mitochondria of a cell, the process of cellular respiration also results in the formation of ATP.
Chloroplasts include ferredoxin (Fd), an enzyme that facilitates electron transport and has an iron-sulfur cluster. When being oxidized or reduced, its iron atoms accept or release electrons, which is how it participates in the photosynthesis process.
Hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, and electrons are separated from water. Within the thylakoid lumen, oxygen and protons created by the splitting of water are discharged.
Cyclic photophosphorylation, is described as the production of ATP related to electron transport that is only activated by Photosystem I (700 nm). The particular Photosystem II inhibitors CMU, DCMU, and orthophenanthroline have no impact on this process.
The enzyme that produces ATP via chemiosmosis is called ATP synthase. It permits protons to cross the membrane and generates ATP by phosphorylating adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with the free energy difference. In addition to mitochondria and chloroplasts, most bacteria and archaea also produce ATP by chemiosmosis.
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Da. To which kingdom do moulds belong?
b. Name the two main parts of bread mould and identify their key role. Use a sketch
Bread Moulds or Rhizopus belong to The Fungi Kingdom.
The two main parts of bread mould are:
1. Rhizoids-
Rhizoids are branching structures that serve as anchors for the fungus in the substrate, allowing it to release digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients. When the environment is favorable, the sporangia, which contain a large number of haploid spores created by mitosis, release the spores into the surrounding air.
2. Sporangia-
Rhizopus produces sporangia at the ends of sporangiophores in order to reproduce asexually. Numerous sporangia open to discharge them. When two hyphae of different mating kinds ('+' and '-') come into contact on occasion, the right conditions will cause them to encourage each other to grow together to affect sexual reproduction.
What are the defining features of Kingdom Fungi?
Eukaryotic, non-vascular, immobile, heterotrophic creatures are fungi.They could be filamentous or unicellular.They spread spores to reproduce.The phenomena of generational alternation are seen in fungi.Since fungi lack chlorophyll, they are unable to carry out photosynthesis.Therefore, Moulds belong to the fungi kingdom.
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Which option best describes the purpose of carbohydrates?
O food to be converted into a source of energy
O protective insulation for nerves
O critical component in muscle tissue
a form of long-term energy storage
the transformation of food into a fuel source.
A is the ideal answer.
Describe carbs.Molecular sugars make up carbohydrates, or carbs. One of the three primary nutrients included in meals and beverages, together with proteins and fats, is carbohydrate.
The body converts carbs to glucose. The primary fuel for your body's cells, tissues, and organs is glucose, also known as blood sugar. The liver and muscles can store glucose for later use or it might be used right away.
Why are carbohydrates necessary?The body receives glucose from carbohydrates, which is then transformed into energy for use during physical activity and maintaining biological functions.
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what characterizes all ecdysozoans? ecdysozoans reproduce clonally (asexually). ecdysozoans grow by molting. ecdysozoans are sessile (don't move) in the adult stage. ecdysozoans practice suspension feeding.
All ecdysozoans grow by molting. This characteristic applies to all ecdysozoans.
The epidermis then secretes a new exoskeleton, which is soft until the remnants of the old cuticle that was laying on top are shed during ecdysis. The fresh cuticle then grows and becomes harder. Only because ecdysozoans are adept at molting does this procedure in nature appear to be straightforward.
What are some features of ecdysozoans?
Ecdysozoans are most known for their cuticle, a thick yet flexible exoskeleton that shields these creatures from predators, water loss, and other elements of their environment. As they develop, every member of this superphylum molts or sheds its cuticle on occasion.
Therefore, All ecdysozoans grow by molting.
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which correctly describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? group of answer choices photosynthesis only occurs in plants and respiration only occurs in animals. atp molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration. respiration stores energy in energy-rich, carbon-based molecules, while photosynthesis releases energy from energy-rich carbon-based molecules. photosynthesis stores energy in energy-rich, carbon-based molecules, while respiration releases energy from energy-rich carbon-based molecules. both photosynthesis and respiration consume more atp than they produce.
Water and carbon dioxide are changed into oxygen and glucose during photosynthesis. The plant consumes glucose and produces oxygen as a byproduct. Oxygen and glucose are transformed into water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration.
By-products of the process include carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, which is turned into energy. Which of the following best describes how respiration and photosynthesis interact?
The response is (B) While respiration releases energy, photosynthesis stores it in sophisticated organic molecules.
Cellular respiration transforms light energy into heat energy, whereas photosynthesis transforms light energy into chemical energy.
Through a sequence of biological events, both photosynthesis and respiration entail the transformation of energy from one form to another. ATP is used and produced in both processes in membrane-based reactions, and are under the control of enzymes.
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how does cleavage differ from normal mitosis? a. the growth phases between divisions are faster. b. there are no growth phases between divisions. c. it occurs faster than normal mitosis. d. it occurs slower than normal mitosis.
Cleavage differs from mitosis by b. there are no growth phases between divisions.
In the field of biology, cleavage can be described as a division by which a zygote or a fertilized egg divides. On the other hand, the process of mitosis occurs in the mature cells of an individual through which the chromosomes divide. The process of cleavage allows the zygote to rapidly divide. The very first of the divisions of the zygite are termed to be cleavage where the process of mitosis keeps on occurring as long as an organism is alive.
The process of mitosis has growth phases such as the interphase. On the other hand, there are no growth phases in the cleavage.
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modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations. what is an example of this kind of adaptation in primates? group of answer choices short digits an expanded reliance on sense of smell a precision grip opposable thumbs
The example of arboreal adaptations which are characteristic to modern primates is: (4) opposable thumbs.
Arboreal adaptations are those that are present in animals that live on the trees. For example, many of the monkeys have great arm strength in order to swing on the trees. Camouflage is also an adaptation in some organisms, like chameleons. Such organisms also have greater balancing ability.
Opposable thumb is an adaptation where the thumb can be moved and rotated very easily and can also be placed behind the fingers of the same hand. This adaptation can be observed in animals like chimpanzees, orangutans, and other variants of apes; certain frogs, koalas, pandas, etc.
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The hypothalamus sends messages through both the nervous system and the endocrine system. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
The statement the hypothalamus sends messages through both the nervous system and the endocrine system is true.
The hypothalamus can be described as the part of the brain that is actively involved in the maintenance of homeostasis i.e internal conditions of the body.
The hypothalamus is responsible for communicating with the endocrine and nervous systems through the pituitary gland.
The hypothalamus sends messages through the endocrine system releasing hormones. These hormones are sent to the anterior and posterior pituitary.
The hypothalamus sends messages through the nervous system through nerve impulses for the regulation of internal body conditions.
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What does it mean that water has a high heat capacity? Why is it important for life on Earth?
Explanation: The high specific heat of water means that it requires a large amount of heat to raise the temperature of water. This helps the temperature of the environment from becoming too hot or too cold. Also, humans are about 66% water, thus this property of water helps us regulate our body temperature too.
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When heart muscles cells are deprived of oxygen, the heart still pumps for some time. What must the heart cells be able to do?.
Answer:
derive sufficient energy from fermentation
When heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen, they can still continue pumping for a short period due to their ability to generate energy through anaerobic metabolism.
The heart cellsHeart muscle cells have the capacity to produce energy through anaerobic metabolism, which allows them to continue pumping for a brief amount of time when oxygen is not present. A limited quantity of energy is produced via anaerobic metabolism, a process that takes place without oxygen and supports temporary cellular processes.
Heart muscle cells predominantly utilise oxygen during aerobic metabolism (when oxygen is present) to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main source of energy for cells. Aerobic metabolism, however, cannot be maintained when the oxygen supply is insufficient, such as when a coronary artery suddenly blocks, resulting in a heart attack.
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In eukaryotes, the oxygen-requiring reactions of aerobic cellular respiration occur in cellular organelles called.
In eukaryotes, the oxygen-requiring reactions of aerobic cellular respiration occur in cellular organelles called mitochondria.
The mitochondria are the organelles that are referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because the process of energy formation of the cell takes place in this organelle.
Energy is derived by a cell for its functioning through the process of cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria. In this process, glucose and oxygen react in order to release energy in the form of ATP.
The process of glycolysis is the stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytosol and it does not require oxygen. The oxygen-requiring process i.e the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria of a cell.
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four of the options apply to fermentation but not to aerobic cellular respiration. find the option that applies to aerobic cellular respiration. group of answer choices does not require oxygen. does not require an electron transport chain. makes a lot of atp from one glucose. provides energy for a sprint. produces atp very fast.
The option makes a lot of atp from one glucose. provides energy for a sprint applies to aerobic respiration.
ATP is the energy currency of the cell. It is produced by metabolism of glucose by three methods namely aerobic, anaerobic and fermentation. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration and fermentation do not require oxygen. Electron Transport Chain or ETC occurs only in aerobic respiration. It is the last step where electrons are transferred.
Anaerobic respiration and fermentation produce two ATP while aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP. All the three forms of respiration can give energy for sprinting, but aerobic respiration is preferred due to high amount of energy.
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Which exercise is a calisthenic exercise that works the entire body and builds strength in the arms, shoulders, core and legs while working the cardiovascular system?.
Pushups are calisthenic exercise that works on the upper body. legs and core while working with the cardiovascular system.
Calisthenics is a type of strength training that uses gravity and your body's resistance to help you strengthen your muscles and get better at coordination, endurance, and mobility. In point of fact, calisthenics exercises like squats, pushups, lunges, and crunches make up almost all common bodyweight exercises.
Pushups are a popular way to strengthen the upper body and core. A lot of people do pushups as part of their regular exercise routine. Improved cardiovascular health and muscle mass are two of the advantages of doing pushups every day. One form of strength-building exercise is pushups.
Strengthening your upper body with traditional pushups is beneficial. They work the shoulders, triceps, and pectoral muscles. By engaging (pulling in) the abdominal muscles, they can also strengthen the lower back and core when done correctly. Pushups are a quick and efficient strength-building exercise. They don't require any equipment and can be done almost anywhere.
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What is net productivity?
Answer:
it's the rate at which energy is stored as biomass by plants or other primary producers and made available to the consumers in the ecosystem.
Phospholipids are found in a limited number of foods. They consists of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and a compound that contains phosphate. Why are they important in food and in the body?.
A glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and one phosphate group make up phospholipids. This suggests that this molecule may be a phospholipid. Triglycerides are lipids that have three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
Why phospholipids are important?A phospholipid is a molecule made composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a modified phosphate group. The phosphate can change by having polar or charged chemical groups added to it.
A glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and one phosphate group make up phospholipids. This suggests that this molecule may be a phospholipid. Triglycerides are lipids that have three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
Triglycerides and phospholipids are made of the three-carbon molecule glycerol. Three fatty acids, one to each of the glycerol's carbons, are present in triglycerides. Two glycerol carbons are used by phospholipids to bind fatty acids, and a third is used to bind a phosphate group.
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Of the four possible explanations for the origin of platyrrhines, which one is the most accepted currently?.
The earliest appearance of platyrrhines occur in fossil records comes from the late Oligocene in South America country is the currently most accepted of the four possible explanations for the origin of platyrrhines.
The Platyrrhine Fossil Record contains fossils of new world monkeys, which are few in comparison to the richness of Neotropical wildlife today and the generally strong fossil record for other South American animals. The late Oligocene in South America is when platyrrhines first emerge in the fossil record. 5-10 mya after the Fayum primate.
The earliest primates identified so far date from the Oligocene, although rodent remains from the late Eocene were recently uncovered in Chile, raising the possibility that there may be older monkey fossils in South America as well. These Patagonian fossils, like the early stem platyrrhines from Bolivia, are broadly connected to New World monkeys, though affinities to contemporary subfamilies are difficult to ascertain.
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What I want to know: Why is it phrased "23O2, 16O2," etc.
This involves chemical formulas.
Also, if someone could help with the other question I would appreciate it. I don't understand what it is asking of me. :)
The difference between the macromolecules consumed by Americans and the elemental composition of human body is that these macromolecules provides energy, support and help speed up reactions in them while the elemental composition of human body are used to build proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids to perform their respective functions.
How macromolecules provide support.Macromolecules helps to give structural support to the body system through the proteins in our diet by consumption. They do this by acting either as hormones or carriers to aid metabolic activities.
From the task above, we can see that about 78% of carbon in American bodies are from the consumption of corn. Whereas in France, the percentage of carbon which is found in their body system is not upto 78% but 15%.
It has also been proven practically that the food substances consumed by Americans contains majorly of carbohydrates. Lipids and proteins is in low amounts or quantities, roughly almost the same amount.
Macromolecules such as glucose combines with oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide and ATP in the reaction below:
C6H12O₂ + 6O₂ + 36 ADP+ 36 Pi → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
The pi above means the phosphate group and ADP means adenosine diphosphate.
So therefore, we can deduce that macromolecules are of great importance in the diet system of the Americans as it provides structural support to them.
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what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium? researchers studying a small milkweed population note that some plants produce a toxin and other plants do not. they identify the gene responsible for toxin production. one allele (t1) codes for an enzyme that makes the toxin, and another allele (t2) codes for a nonfunctional enzyme that cannot produce the toxin. heterozygotes produce an intermediate amount of toxin. the allele frequency of t1 is determined to be 0.6 and the allele frequency of t2 is 0.4. what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium? 0.5 0.48 0.65 0.25
If a population has two alleles at a locus and the allele frequencies are p and q, then the genotype frequencies are p2, 2pq, and q2.
0.48 is the expected frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium.
What are the expected frequencies for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?If a population has two alleles at a locus and the allele frequencies are p and q, then the genotype frequencies are p2, 2pq, and q2. Once a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency distribution does not change from generation to generation.In populations that are not evolving, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is used to estimate the number of homozygous and heterozygosity terozygous variant carriers based on allele frequency. Expected (Hexp = 2pq) for a 2-allele system as a function of allele frequency, p. It is worth noting that heterozygosity peaks at 0.5 when the allele frequencies are equal (p=q).
H exp = 2pq = 2 x .4 x .6 =0.48.
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